七律
一从大地起风雷,
便有精生白骨堆。
僧是愚氓犹可训,
妖为鬼蜮必成灾。
金猴奋起千钧棒,
玉宇澄清万里埃。
今日欢呼孙大圣,
只缘妖雾又重来。
毛泽东
1961.11.17
Monday, 26 December 2011
Friday, 23 December 2011
zt:朝鲜饥荒的真正原因
朝鲜饥荒的真正原因
一、资源对农业发展的硬约束
石油产量峰值(peak oil)意指由于全球有限的石油储量,石油产量在达到最高峰后不可避免地下降。根据某些保守的估计,石油产量已经或者将要在近期内(2005 ~ 2010年)达到峰值,在经历一个平台期后下降,哪怕乐观的估计也预测石油产量将在一二十年内达到峰值。
石油产量峰值的到来只是一个时间的问题。我们所熟知的全球粮食供应体系极度依赖于廉价的能源与长距离的运输——所谓现代农业严重依赖的化肥、农药都是化石燃料的衍生品,现代食品体系造成的粮食大循环耗费大量能源,比如美国所消费的食品平均经历了2000公里以上的长途跋涉。石油产量峰值是否意味着不可避免的饥荒呢?有两个国家的情况具有预演性意义,它们有着截然不同的经历——一个面临着饥荒,一个粮食充足,前者是前车之鉴,而后者则是可供效仿的榜样。
由于前苏联集团的解体以及针对古巴和朝鲜力度增大的贸易禁运,朝鲜和古巴过早而意外地遭遇了石油产量峰值。它们所得到的完全不同的结果部分要归结于运气:古巴的气候使当地人可以依赖相当有限的粮食定量配给而存活下来,而对于朝鲜而言,在其严酷的冬季,同样的粮食定量配给却是过少而致命的。但是,更加根本性的原因是各自实施了不同的政策。在危机面前,朝鲜试图尽可能延长其原有工业化农业的正常开展,而古巴实施了旨在发展可持续农业和实现自给自足的政策。
除了石油等化石燃料的限制,农业还有另一个巨大的限制——水。中国正面临着世界上最严重的水资源短缺,人均淡水资源不到全球平均的一半。同时水资源分配严重不均衡,北方(长江流域以北)占全国耕地的2 / 3,却只占全部水资源的1 / 5;南方拥有全国1 / 3的耕地以及4 / 5的水资源。20世纪的绿色革命所带来的大规模增产,是以灌溉农业的大规模推广为背景的。在许多国家,灌溉农业是以过度抽取地下水来维持的。世界一半人口的国家地下水位不断下降,问题最严重的国家包括中国、印度和美国这三个粮食生产大国。中国的华北平原地下水位年平均下降速度超过1米,机井常常深达100甚至200多米,在部分地区地下水位已达基岩,说明无水可采。我国地下水平均每年超采100亿立方米,超采面积达19万平方公里,深层地下水超采面积达9万平方公里。同时气候变化将在今后二三十年内进一步加重南涝北旱的现象。《气候变化国家评估报告》中指出,21世纪中国分区年降水变化呈增加趋势,洪涝灾害几率增加,同时2040年前长江以北以减少为主,旱区面积将扩大。过去二三十年高产杂交品种的大规模推广,使得耐旱的传统品种大量消失——杂交品种往往需要较为理想的水肥条件才能高产,偏离理想条件时会大规模减产甚至绝收,所以传统品种的消失加剧了农业的隐患。也许有人会说,可以通过杂交育种、转基因育种等高科技发展抗旱品种来应对这些问题,但传统抗旱品种的大量消失将使这些高科技变成无源之水、无米之炊,缺少最基本的基因材料发展科研。居安思危,反思绿色革命农业模式正当其时。
二、朝鲜饥荒的真正原因
朝鲜在20世纪90年代至今所遭遇的饥荒是近些年来最不为人所真正了解的灾难之一。人们一般把它归因于金正日政权的失败。其理由很简单:如果这个政府控制了一切,那么,它就必须为粮食的歉收负责。但是这一具有意识形态意味的指责掩盖了一个更加根本的问题:工业化的化学农业的失败。随着石油产量峰值以及其后产量不可避免的下降,其他许多国家也可能经历相似的灾难。
朝鲜是依照绿色革命的模式来发展其农业的,依赖于工业技术、进口机械、石油、化肥以及杀虫剂,这使其实现了快速工业化和城镇化。上世纪80年代朝鲜城市人口已高达70%,农村人口只占人口总数30%。尽管从70年代起朝鲜就出现了土壤板结和土质下降的迹象,但一直到80年代末期,工业化的农业模式为其人口提供了足够的粮食。随后,苏联集团在1989年突然解体,石油、农业设备、化肥和杀虫剂的供应急剧减少,这在很大程度上导致了随后所发生的饥荒,就像联合国粮食及农业组织和世界粮食计划署于1998年11月联合发表的一份报告所指出的①:
朝鲜高度机械化的农业面临着一种严重的窘境,因为其4 / 5的机械化农业机器和设备由于荒废以及缺少配件和燃料而无法使用。调查组在实地考察中看到有相当多的拖拉机,播种机,运输卡车以及其他农业机械闲置而且无法使用。事实上,由于找不到运输卡车,已收割的粮食被长期堆放在地里。
朝鲜没有作出太多应对危机的根本改变。死守现状加剧了持续到现在的粮食短缺。由于缺少化肥,单产下降后政府盲目大规模开荒,造成严重水土流失,单产进一步下降,形成越开荒越荒的恶性循环。
三、古巴如何免于饥饿
古巴曾面临着相似的问题。在某些方面,古巴面临的挑战甚至更大。在1989年以前,朝鲜在粮食生产方面至少是自给自足的,而据估计,古巴有57%的粮食要靠进口②,这是因为其农业,尤其是国有农业部门主要集中于大规模供出口的食糖产业化大生产。在苏联解体和美国加紧其禁运之后,古巴的贸易损失了85%,而其以化石燃料为基础的农业投入(化肥、农药、石油等)减少了50%以上。在随后发生的粮食危机最严重的时候,有些地方,每天的粮食配给量就是每人一根香蕉和两片面包。古巴针对这种情况发起了全国动员以重建其农业。
现在古巴的农业包括有机农业、永续农业、城区菜园、畜力以及生物性肥料和害虫管理,是这些多种形式的混合。就国家的层面而言,古巴现在可能拥有世界上生态和社会可持续性最好的农业。古巴人均卡路里摄入量已经恢复到1990年以前的水平,而且更加健康:古巴生产的农产品,80%左右是有机的,同时人们的饮食结构更加多样化,包括更多的蔬菜水果。1999年,瑞典国会因这些成就而向古巴一个农民组织颁发了优秀民生奖,即人们所讲的“另类诺贝尔奖”。
甚至早在1990年的危机之前,古巴科学家起初为了解决因化学制品的大量使用而带来的负面效果以及应对20世纪70年代的能源危机,就开始研发生物杀虫剂和生物肥料来取代化学制品的使用。在早期生物制剂试验基础上,他们设计了一个两阶段的计划:第一个阶段发展小规模的、地方化的生产技术;第二个阶段发展半工业化和工业化的技术。这一基础使得古巴在20世纪90年代危机爆发的时候能够快速地生产出大量取代农业化学药剂的替代物资——80年代末第一阶段的科技已经发展得相当成熟。自1991年以来,古巴已经建立了280个中心来生产生物制剂,它们利用当地所特有的技术和物资。③现在古巴的生物制剂(生物肥料、生物杀虫剂、杀菌剂等)工程全世界领先,不但满足国内需要,还有相当一部分供出口。
虽然一些替代技术的开发一开始只是为了取代化学制品的生产,但是它们现在已是一种更整体性的农业生态学的一部分。科学家和农民已经认识到了高产出的单一耕作中存在的不平衡,并正在改变整个体系。与绿色革命所提出的那种放之四海而皆准的解决方法不同,农业生态学力图使耕作因地制宜。它设计出各种复杂的农业生态系统,这些系统采用互利的农作物品种和适合当地的种子,利用地形学和土壤条件,保护土壤而不是耗尽地力。④Fernando Funes-Monzote等作者在《多样性和高效性是生态集约化农业的关键》⑤一文中总结说:
在古巴,复合型农业系统是实施可持续发展战略的有效措施之一,它不仅提高系统的多样性,促进土壤肥力的维持和管理,而且优化能源和本地资源的利用,提高系统的恢复能力。简言之,复合型农业系统主要遵循了以下原则:(一)多样性原则,系统中包括作物、树木及动物;(二)综合性原则,系统全面考虑了不同组分间能量和养分的循环和动态交换;(三)自给自足原则,在不需要或仅需少量外部投入的情况下系统就能生产出符合自己需要的产品。
农业生态学采取了一种系统性的方式,打破了各学科之间的传统界限,利用了来自环境科学、经济学、农艺学、伦理学、社会学和人类学的知识。它强调从实践中学习,其培训计划将50%的时间用在了手把手的教学上。参与式方法的广泛采用极大地促进了农业生态学知识的传播、产生和扩充。简而言之,农业的研究与培训过程也变得更加有机化。⑥
制度上的改变使这种转型更加容易。大型国有农场被重组成规模更小的集体农庄或者农民合作社,以便于使用那些新的劳动密集型的、地方化的农业方法。从农场工人到有技术的农民的转变不是一夜之间完成的——就可持续农业生产而言,许多新建立的集体农场还落后于有着多年历史的农民合作社,但各种计划正在帮助它们迎头赶上。
古巴的研究和教育体系在这个国家的再生中扮演了至关重要的角色。从1960年以来的平等政策以及对于人的发展的关注实际上已经消除了文盲。在拉美,古巴工人受教育的程度是最高的——古巴人平均教育水平达到九年级,1 / 8的古巴人有专业学位,1 / 15的古巴人有大学学位。这一受过良好教育的人群为古巴向知识更加密集的可持续的农业发展模式的转变做好了充分准备。
在20世纪70年代和80年代,大多数的农业教育是以绿色革命的技术为基础的。20世纪90年代的危机使许多农业技术人员在缺少化肥、农药、机械以及石油的情况下变得束手无策。作为对策,各所农业大学新开设了农业生态学培训方面的课程。一个全国性的中心被建立起来以支持新的研究以及满足农村公社的培训所需。现在,各种课程、会议、研讨会、田间教学、演讲以及经验交流都为农民组织起来。符合有机农业和永续农业原则的许多传统耕作方式一直在一些农民及其合作社中保持着,在向生态农业的转型中这些传统方式得到复兴,农民与农民之间的交流被广泛用来促进彼此的学习。
四、表面光鲜的美国农业
两年前笔者在清华大学和一群学生探讨农业问题,在讲了朝鲜和古巴的案例后,有学生总结说:朝鲜的问题在于其没有一个完整的工业系统,其工业和农业无法对接和交换,造成苏东剧变后农业无法维持,所以教训是中国一定要有自己独立的工业体系,尤其是重工业体系。中国当然需要自己独立的不依附于西方国家的工业体系,这个问题这里不多言,但在农业问题上,问题有这么简单吗?是否只要实现工业和农业的对接,农业的所有问题就自然而然的解决了?我们不妨来看看美国的农业是否实现了生态可持续和一定程度的社会公平。
在通常的叙述中,美国农业当然是高科技、现代化、高效率农业的典范,平均一个美国农民就养活一百多人的说法大行其道。其实,这是似是而非的误解。在美国的人口统计中,farmers确实只有220万左右,比230万监狱人口还少。可是,farmers的正确翻译是农场主,而不是中国意义上的农民。美国家庭农场平均土地面积在400公顷以上,比中国通常村庄的土地面积还大。所以美国的农场主和中国的农民完全没有可比性。同时,我们必须意识到大农场是在殖民时代带来的特殊条件下形成的——不管是北美还是南美,都是殖民者把当地人赶跑了或者杀灭了,开发新大陆,才形成了极度人少地多的格局,从而能做成大农场。而在东南亚,像中国、日本、韩国等等,都没有这样的条件形成大农场,更多的是小农模式的延续。哪怕西欧,在殖民时代大规模人口外迁降低了人口密度,也依然没有足够的条件形成大量大农场,小农模式在农业合作社、家庭农场等多种形式下继续保持。
除了农场主及其家人外,美国农场的运作常常也需要雇佣劳动力,即农场工人(farm worker)。这一块人口数量不小,但在美国的人口统计中算为工人,而且因为不少是季节性雇工,流动性很大,所以也没有很确切的数据,估计是200万到400万之间。他们绝大部分是来自墨西哥以及中南美洲等地的合法或非法移民。根据美国劳工部1995年的一项抽样调查,美国的农场工人70%出生于美国本土之外,1 / 3以上是非法劳工,童工现象也很严重,大概有8%的17岁以下的童工。⑦在过去的十几年里,非法劳工和童工的比率一直在持续上升。同时,非法劳工的收入水平远远低于美国法定的最低工资。加州的农业重镇Fresno是美国城镇中人口贫困率和营养不良率最高的,就是因为聚居在这里的大量农业工人收入极低。而正是因为有了他们,美国这种农业模式的运行才得以维持。
除了社会公平问题外,美国农业高度机械化和化学化,带来了非常严重的水土流失。在20世纪30年代,由于干旱和不恰当的大规模开荒造成沙尘暴肆虐美国中部大平原后,美国政府也采取了一些改良性措施,包括强制周期性休耕等,在避免农产品过剩的同时缓和土地退化等问题,但也只有美国这样人少地多的国家才有可能如此做。在包括中国在内的人多地少的东南亚国家,所有土地都周期性休耕显然是不太可能的。但是即便有休耕等措施,也只是缓和了不恰当的耕作方式带来的危害以避免大规模沙尘暴等短期尖锐问题,并没有解决长期不可持续的问题。美国农地表层土壤从1960年以来流失了一半。表层土壤是一种缓慢可再生资源,而现在美国表层土壤流失的速度是形成速度的17倍!⑧这很明显是不可持续的。同时,由于不恰当的灌溉方式以及化肥施用,有5500万到6000万公顷的土地(大约占美国可耕地的1/10左右)在过去五十年里因盐碱化而土质退化严重。⑨作为有几千年农耕历史的中国,如果自古以来一直采用美国式耕作方法,很难想象现在的中国除了沙漠还会剩下其他什么。
化学化农业还有一个时间上效益递减的问题。以美国玉米为例,1980年平均每施用一吨化肥可以收获15到20吨玉米;到1997年,每施用一吨化肥只能收获5到10吨玉米。⑩同样的问题也出现在今天的中国并更为严重:由于土壤有机质的减少和土地生态系统的退化,农民必须使用更多的化肥、农药才能维持同样的产量,再加上化肥和农药价格在过去十几年里平均每年上涨10%以上,使得农民要不断增加投入才能保持同等收入,这其实也是三农问题的原因之一。产业化大农业带来的大规模单一化的种植,也使得一些病虫害的大规模爆发即使在农药的施用下也无法控制。1970 年美国玉米由于某种玉米小斑病菌大流行(south corn leaf blight epidemic)减产15%,其中受灾严重的伊利诺斯州减产25%以上。究其原因,就是因为片面追求高产,大面积连年使用某种杂交玉米——当时该品种种植面积占全美85%以上,但该品种容易受玉米小斑病菌T小种的感染,最终导致了不可控制的病害爆发。
大规模单一化种植使得大部分食品需要长途运输才能到达终端市场。2001年进行的一项调查显示,中西部地区的食品,从农地到餐桌,平均经过1518英里(2429公里)的长途跋涉。{11}同时随着产业链的加长,消费者支付的食品费用更多的用于运输费、包装费、人力费和销售产品所需的各种投入,农业生产者得到的比例不断降低,面临“不扩产,就出局”的选择。依靠大型农业机械和化肥农药、长途运输,所有这些因素综合起来,使得美国农业是世界上耗能最高的农业。每生产1卡路里的食品,就需要投入10卡路里的化石燃料。{12}这种所谓的现代农业,其实是利用土地把化石能源转化成食品。很显然,如果没有大量廉价能源的支持,这种农业模式只怕也会同样面临朝鲜农业的困境。
除了如前所述严重的社会公平和环境问题,美国农业依然需要政府的巨额补贴。根据美国农业部2006年的预算,美国2004年花在农业补贴上的资金超过80亿美金,在2006年的预算中该项支出更是超过160亿美金。{13}如此高额补贴,单纯从食品支出来看,美国消费者确实从中受益:他们只需要拿出家庭可支出收入的9%用于购买食品——这个比例比世界上其他任何国家都要低。但如果从公众健康等多方面整体衡量,其后果并不正面。农业补贴更多地集中于产业化大生产的大宗农产品,例如玉米和大豆,于是食品加工业也不断开发出新的方法来使用这些价格低廉的农作物。一些几十年前并不存在的产品诸如高糖玉米糖浆、氢化植物油等等,如今都广泛地作为糖类和脂类添加于各种食品中。{14}其结果,就是美国人平均消费越来越少的蔬菜、水果等健康食品,消费越来越多的高糖高脂过度加工的食品。这是美国肥胖症流行的一大原因。三分之一的美国成年人和900万六岁以上的儿童都患有肥胖症。{15}肥胖所引发的慢性疾病(包括糖尿病、心血管疾病以及一部分癌症等)代价是如此之大:尽管医疗技术不断发展,医疗费用更是节节上涨,但当代美国人比其父母辈预期人均寿命更低,这是美国建国以来前所未有的。在半个世纪之前,美国人支出的16%用于食品,9%用于医疗;今天这个比例基本上颠倒了过来,9%用于食品,17%用于医疗并继续上扬。从这个意义上讲,过去五十年来美国农业和食品体系发展的实际效果是:美国人把吃饭的钱省下来看病吃药,更加不健康,人均寿命更短。
近年来关于中国发展的讨论中,恩格尔指数(食品支出占家庭可支配支出的比例)是一个很重要的指标,不少人假定恩格尔指数越低就意味着发展程度越高。美国的例子表明这很有可能是一个误区:无论是为了消费者的个人健康,还是为了农业和工业、农村和城市的均衡发展,恩格尔指数都不是越低越好。
正是因为前述许多问题,美国一些生产者和消费者开始联合起来改变生产和消费模式。一些城镇制定相关规定支持农民市场(farmers’ market)——在特定的日子里,农民有场地直接销售其产品,而不是通过农业综合企业和超市系统。通过农民市场或者社区支持农业方式,直接从农民手中购买食品的顾客也在稳步增加。同时很多学校和企业单位的食堂也更多购买新鲜的本地生产的食品。许多类似于“从农场到校园”的网络也慢慢开始推广。{16}笔者十余年前在美国第一次见到农民市场及相关宣传时不是不惊讶的:这不就是我们从小就很熟悉的农贸自由市场吗?居然值得这些美国人当作新鲜事物来推广?在更多地了解了美国农业体系及其问题后才明白其中的原由。
一、资源对农业发展的硬约束
石油产量峰值(peak oil)意指由于全球有限的石油储量,石油产量在达到最高峰后不可避免地下降。根据某些保守的估计,石油产量已经或者将要在近期内(2005 ~ 2010年)达到峰值,在经历一个平台期后下降,哪怕乐观的估计也预测石油产量将在一二十年内达到峰值。
石油产量峰值的到来只是一个时间的问题。我们所熟知的全球粮食供应体系极度依赖于廉价的能源与长距离的运输——所谓现代农业严重依赖的化肥、农药都是化石燃料的衍生品,现代食品体系造成的粮食大循环耗费大量能源,比如美国所消费的食品平均经历了2000公里以上的长途跋涉。石油产量峰值是否意味着不可避免的饥荒呢?有两个国家的情况具有预演性意义,它们有着截然不同的经历——一个面临着饥荒,一个粮食充足,前者是前车之鉴,而后者则是可供效仿的榜样。
由于前苏联集团的解体以及针对古巴和朝鲜力度增大的贸易禁运,朝鲜和古巴过早而意外地遭遇了石油产量峰值。它们所得到的完全不同的结果部分要归结于运气:古巴的气候使当地人可以依赖相当有限的粮食定量配给而存活下来,而对于朝鲜而言,在其严酷的冬季,同样的粮食定量配给却是过少而致命的。但是,更加根本性的原因是各自实施了不同的政策。在危机面前,朝鲜试图尽可能延长其原有工业化农业的正常开展,而古巴实施了旨在发展可持续农业和实现自给自足的政策。
除了石油等化石燃料的限制,农业还有另一个巨大的限制——水。中国正面临着世界上最严重的水资源短缺,人均淡水资源不到全球平均的一半。同时水资源分配严重不均衡,北方(长江流域以北)占全国耕地的2 / 3,却只占全部水资源的1 / 5;南方拥有全国1 / 3的耕地以及4 / 5的水资源。20世纪的绿色革命所带来的大规模增产,是以灌溉农业的大规模推广为背景的。在许多国家,灌溉农业是以过度抽取地下水来维持的。世界一半人口的国家地下水位不断下降,问题最严重的国家包括中国、印度和美国这三个粮食生产大国。中国的华北平原地下水位年平均下降速度超过1米,机井常常深达100甚至200多米,在部分地区地下水位已达基岩,说明无水可采。我国地下水平均每年超采100亿立方米,超采面积达19万平方公里,深层地下水超采面积达9万平方公里。同时气候变化将在今后二三十年内进一步加重南涝北旱的现象。《气候变化国家评估报告》中指出,21世纪中国分区年降水变化呈增加趋势,洪涝灾害几率增加,同时2040年前长江以北以减少为主,旱区面积将扩大。过去二三十年高产杂交品种的大规模推广,使得耐旱的传统品种大量消失——杂交品种往往需要较为理想的水肥条件才能高产,偏离理想条件时会大规模减产甚至绝收,所以传统品种的消失加剧了农业的隐患。也许有人会说,可以通过杂交育种、转基因育种等高科技发展抗旱品种来应对这些问题,但传统抗旱品种的大量消失将使这些高科技变成无源之水、无米之炊,缺少最基本的基因材料发展科研。居安思危,反思绿色革命农业模式正当其时。
二、朝鲜饥荒的真正原因
朝鲜在20世纪90年代至今所遭遇的饥荒是近些年来最不为人所真正了解的灾难之一。人们一般把它归因于金正日政权的失败。其理由很简单:如果这个政府控制了一切,那么,它就必须为粮食的歉收负责。但是这一具有意识形态意味的指责掩盖了一个更加根本的问题:工业化的化学农业的失败。随着石油产量峰值以及其后产量不可避免的下降,其他许多国家也可能经历相似的灾难。
朝鲜是依照绿色革命的模式来发展其农业的,依赖于工业技术、进口机械、石油、化肥以及杀虫剂,这使其实现了快速工业化和城镇化。上世纪80年代朝鲜城市人口已高达70%,农村人口只占人口总数30%。尽管从70年代起朝鲜就出现了土壤板结和土质下降的迹象,但一直到80年代末期,工业化的农业模式为其人口提供了足够的粮食。随后,苏联集团在1989年突然解体,石油、农业设备、化肥和杀虫剂的供应急剧减少,这在很大程度上导致了随后所发生的饥荒,就像联合国粮食及农业组织和世界粮食计划署于1998年11月联合发表的一份报告所指出的①:
朝鲜高度机械化的农业面临着一种严重的窘境,因为其4 / 5的机械化农业机器和设备由于荒废以及缺少配件和燃料而无法使用。调查组在实地考察中看到有相当多的拖拉机,播种机,运输卡车以及其他农业机械闲置而且无法使用。事实上,由于找不到运输卡车,已收割的粮食被长期堆放在地里。
朝鲜没有作出太多应对危机的根本改变。死守现状加剧了持续到现在的粮食短缺。由于缺少化肥,单产下降后政府盲目大规模开荒,造成严重水土流失,单产进一步下降,形成越开荒越荒的恶性循环。
三、古巴如何免于饥饿
古巴曾面临着相似的问题。在某些方面,古巴面临的挑战甚至更大。在1989年以前,朝鲜在粮食生产方面至少是自给自足的,而据估计,古巴有57%的粮食要靠进口②,这是因为其农业,尤其是国有农业部门主要集中于大规模供出口的食糖产业化大生产。在苏联解体和美国加紧其禁运之后,古巴的贸易损失了85%,而其以化石燃料为基础的农业投入(化肥、农药、石油等)减少了50%以上。在随后发生的粮食危机最严重的时候,有些地方,每天的粮食配给量就是每人一根香蕉和两片面包。古巴针对这种情况发起了全国动员以重建其农业。
现在古巴的农业包括有机农业、永续农业、城区菜园、畜力以及生物性肥料和害虫管理,是这些多种形式的混合。就国家的层面而言,古巴现在可能拥有世界上生态和社会可持续性最好的农业。古巴人均卡路里摄入量已经恢复到1990年以前的水平,而且更加健康:古巴生产的农产品,80%左右是有机的,同时人们的饮食结构更加多样化,包括更多的蔬菜水果。1999年,瑞典国会因这些成就而向古巴一个农民组织颁发了优秀民生奖,即人们所讲的“另类诺贝尔奖”。
甚至早在1990年的危机之前,古巴科学家起初为了解决因化学制品的大量使用而带来的负面效果以及应对20世纪70年代的能源危机,就开始研发生物杀虫剂和生物肥料来取代化学制品的使用。在早期生物制剂试验基础上,他们设计了一个两阶段的计划:第一个阶段发展小规模的、地方化的生产技术;第二个阶段发展半工业化和工业化的技术。这一基础使得古巴在20世纪90年代危机爆发的时候能够快速地生产出大量取代农业化学药剂的替代物资——80年代末第一阶段的科技已经发展得相当成熟。自1991年以来,古巴已经建立了280个中心来生产生物制剂,它们利用当地所特有的技术和物资。③现在古巴的生物制剂(生物肥料、生物杀虫剂、杀菌剂等)工程全世界领先,不但满足国内需要,还有相当一部分供出口。
虽然一些替代技术的开发一开始只是为了取代化学制品的生产,但是它们现在已是一种更整体性的农业生态学的一部分。科学家和农民已经认识到了高产出的单一耕作中存在的不平衡,并正在改变整个体系。与绿色革命所提出的那种放之四海而皆准的解决方法不同,农业生态学力图使耕作因地制宜。它设计出各种复杂的农业生态系统,这些系统采用互利的农作物品种和适合当地的种子,利用地形学和土壤条件,保护土壤而不是耗尽地力。④Fernando Funes-Monzote等作者在《多样性和高效性是生态集约化农业的关键》⑤一文中总结说:
在古巴,复合型农业系统是实施可持续发展战略的有效措施之一,它不仅提高系统的多样性,促进土壤肥力的维持和管理,而且优化能源和本地资源的利用,提高系统的恢复能力。简言之,复合型农业系统主要遵循了以下原则:(一)多样性原则,系统中包括作物、树木及动物;(二)综合性原则,系统全面考虑了不同组分间能量和养分的循环和动态交换;(三)自给自足原则,在不需要或仅需少量外部投入的情况下系统就能生产出符合自己需要的产品。
农业生态学采取了一种系统性的方式,打破了各学科之间的传统界限,利用了来自环境科学、经济学、农艺学、伦理学、社会学和人类学的知识。它强调从实践中学习,其培训计划将50%的时间用在了手把手的教学上。参与式方法的广泛采用极大地促进了农业生态学知识的传播、产生和扩充。简而言之,农业的研究与培训过程也变得更加有机化。⑥
制度上的改变使这种转型更加容易。大型国有农场被重组成规模更小的集体农庄或者农民合作社,以便于使用那些新的劳动密集型的、地方化的农业方法。从农场工人到有技术的农民的转变不是一夜之间完成的——就可持续农业生产而言,许多新建立的集体农场还落后于有着多年历史的农民合作社,但各种计划正在帮助它们迎头赶上。
古巴的研究和教育体系在这个国家的再生中扮演了至关重要的角色。从1960年以来的平等政策以及对于人的发展的关注实际上已经消除了文盲。在拉美,古巴工人受教育的程度是最高的——古巴人平均教育水平达到九年级,1 / 8的古巴人有专业学位,1 / 15的古巴人有大学学位。这一受过良好教育的人群为古巴向知识更加密集的可持续的农业发展模式的转变做好了充分准备。
在20世纪70年代和80年代,大多数的农业教育是以绿色革命的技术为基础的。20世纪90年代的危机使许多农业技术人员在缺少化肥、农药、机械以及石油的情况下变得束手无策。作为对策,各所农业大学新开设了农业生态学培训方面的课程。一个全国性的中心被建立起来以支持新的研究以及满足农村公社的培训所需。现在,各种课程、会议、研讨会、田间教学、演讲以及经验交流都为农民组织起来。符合有机农业和永续农业原则的许多传统耕作方式一直在一些农民及其合作社中保持着,在向生态农业的转型中这些传统方式得到复兴,农民与农民之间的交流被广泛用来促进彼此的学习。
四、表面光鲜的美国农业
两年前笔者在清华大学和一群学生探讨农业问题,在讲了朝鲜和古巴的案例后,有学生总结说:朝鲜的问题在于其没有一个完整的工业系统,其工业和农业无法对接和交换,造成苏东剧变后农业无法维持,所以教训是中国一定要有自己独立的工业体系,尤其是重工业体系。中国当然需要自己独立的不依附于西方国家的工业体系,这个问题这里不多言,但在农业问题上,问题有这么简单吗?是否只要实现工业和农业的对接,农业的所有问题就自然而然的解决了?我们不妨来看看美国的农业是否实现了生态可持续和一定程度的社会公平。
在通常的叙述中,美国农业当然是高科技、现代化、高效率农业的典范,平均一个美国农民就养活一百多人的说法大行其道。其实,这是似是而非的误解。在美国的人口统计中,farmers确实只有220万左右,比230万监狱人口还少。可是,farmers的正确翻译是农场主,而不是中国意义上的农民。美国家庭农场平均土地面积在400公顷以上,比中国通常村庄的土地面积还大。所以美国的农场主和中国的农民完全没有可比性。同时,我们必须意识到大农场是在殖民时代带来的特殊条件下形成的——不管是北美还是南美,都是殖民者把当地人赶跑了或者杀灭了,开发新大陆,才形成了极度人少地多的格局,从而能做成大农场。而在东南亚,像中国、日本、韩国等等,都没有这样的条件形成大农场,更多的是小农模式的延续。哪怕西欧,在殖民时代大规模人口外迁降低了人口密度,也依然没有足够的条件形成大量大农场,小农模式在农业合作社、家庭农场等多种形式下继续保持。
除了农场主及其家人外,美国农场的运作常常也需要雇佣劳动力,即农场工人(farm worker)。这一块人口数量不小,但在美国的人口统计中算为工人,而且因为不少是季节性雇工,流动性很大,所以也没有很确切的数据,估计是200万到400万之间。他们绝大部分是来自墨西哥以及中南美洲等地的合法或非法移民。根据美国劳工部1995年的一项抽样调查,美国的农场工人70%出生于美国本土之外,1 / 3以上是非法劳工,童工现象也很严重,大概有8%的17岁以下的童工。⑦在过去的十几年里,非法劳工和童工的比率一直在持续上升。同时,非法劳工的收入水平远远低于美国法定的最低工资。加州的农业重镇Fresno是美国城镇中人口贫困率和营养不良率最高的,就是因为聚居在这里的大量农业工人收入极低。而正是因为有了他们,美国这种农业模式的运行才得以维持。
除了社会公平问题外,美国农业高度机械化和化学化,带来了非常严重的水土流失。在20世纪30年代,由于干旱和不恰当的大规模开荒造成沙尘暴肆虐美国中部大平原后,美国政府也采取了一些改良性措施,包括强制周期性休耕等,在避免农产品过剩的同时缓和土地退化等问题,但也只有美国这样人少地多的国家才有可能如此做。在包括中国在内的人多地少的东南亚国家,所有土地都周期性休耕显然是不太可能的。但是即便有休耕等措施,也只是缓和了不恰当的耕作方式带来的危害以避免大规模沙尘暴等短期尖锐问题,并没有解决长期不可持续的问题。美国农地表层土壤从1960年以来流失了一半。表层土壤是一种缓慢可再生资源,而现在美国表层土壤流失的速度是形成速度的17倍!⑧这很明显是不可持续的。同时,由于不恰当的灌溉方式以及化肥施用,有5500万到6000万公顷的土地(大约占美国可耕地的1/10左右)在过去五十年里因盐碱化而土质退化严重。⑨作为有几千年农耕历史的中国,如果自古以来一直采用美国式耕作方法,很难想象现在的中国除了沙漠还会剩下其他什么。
化学化农业还有一个时间上效益递减的问题。以美国玉米为例,1980年平均每施用一吨化肥可以收获15到20吨玉米;到1997年,每施用一吨化肥只能收获5到10吨玉米。⑩同样的问题也出现在今天的中国并更为严重:由于土壤有机质的减少和土地生态系统的退化,农民必须使用更多的化肥、农药才能维持同样的产量,再加上化肥和农药价格在过去十几年里平均每年上涨10%以上,使得农民要不断增加投入才能保持同等收入,这其实也是三农问题的原因之一。产业化大农业带来的大规模单一化的种植,也使得一些病虫害的大规模爆发即使在农药的施用下也无法控制。1970 年美国玉米由于某种玉米小斑病菌大流行(south corn leaf blight epidemic)减产15%,其中受灾严重的伊利诺斯州减产25%以上。究其原因,就是因为片面追求高产,大面积连年使用某种杂交玉米——当时该品种种植面积占全美85%以上,但该品种容易受玉米小斑病菌T小种的感染,最终导致了不可控制的病害爆发。
大规模单一化种植使得大部分食品需要长途运输才能到达终端市场。2001年进行的一项调查显示,中西部地区的食品,从农地到餐桌,平均经过1518英里(2429公里)的长途跋涉。{11}同时随着产业链的加长,消费者支付的食品费用更多的用于运输费、包装费、人力费和销售产品所需的各种投入,农业生产者得到的比例不断降低,面临“不扩产,就出局”的选择。依靠大型农业机械和化肥农药、长途运输,所有这些因素综合起来,使得美国农业是世界上耗能最高的农业。每生产1卡路里的食品,就需要投入10卡路里的化石燃料。{12}这种所谓的现代农业,其实是利用土地把化石能源转化成食品。很显然,如果没有大量廉价能源的支持,这种农业模式只怕也会同样面临朝鲜农业的困境。
除了如前所述严重的社会公平和环境问题,美国农业依然需要政府的巨额补贴。根据美国农业部2006年的预算,美国2004年花在农业补贴上的资金超过80亿美金,在2006年的预算中该项支出更是超过160亿美金。{13}如此高额补贴,单纯从食品支出来看,美国消费者确实从中受益:他们只需要拿出家庭可支出收入的9%用于购买食品——这个比例比世界上其他任何国家都要低。但如果从公众健康等多方面整体衡量,其后果并不正面。农业补贴更多地集中于产业化大生产的大宗农产品,例如玉米和大豆,于是食品加工业也不断开发出新的方法来使用这些价格低廉的农作物。一些几十年前并不存在的产品诸如高糖玉米糖浆、氢化植物油等等,如今都广泛地作为糖类和脂类添加于各种食品中。{14}其结果,就是美国人平均消费越来越少的蔬菜、水果等健康食品,消费越来越多的高糖高脂过度加工的食品。这是美国肥胖症流行的一大原因。三分之一的美国成年人和900万六岁以上的儿童都患有肥胖症。{15}肥胖所引发的慢性疾病(包括糖尿病、心血管疾病以及一部分癌症等)代价是如此之大:尽管医疗技术不断发展,医疗费用更是节节上涨,但当代美国人比其父母辈预期人均寿命更低,这是美国建国以来前所未有的。在半个世纪之前,美国人支出的16%用于食品,9%用于医疗;今天这个比例基本上颠倒了过来,9%用于食品,17%用于医疗并继续上扬。从这个意义上讲,过去五十年来美国农业和食品体系发展的实际效果是:美国人把吃饭的钱省下来看病吃药,更加不健康,人均寿命更短。
近年来关于中国发展的讨论中,恩格尔指数(食品支出占家庭可支配支出的比例)是一个很重要的指标,不少人假定恩格尔指数越低就意味着发展程度越高。美国的例子表明这很有可能是一个误区:无论是为了消费者的个人健康,还是为了农业和工业、农村和城市的均衡发展,恩格尔指数都不是越低越好。
正是因为前述许多问题,美国一些生产者和消费者开始联合起来改变生产和消费模式。一些城镇制定相关规定支持农民市场(farmers’ market)——在特定的日子里,农民有场地直接销售其产品,而不是通过农业综合企业和超市系统。通过农民市场或者社区支持农业方式,直接从农民手中购买食品的顾客也在稳步增加。同时很多学校和企业单位的食堂也更多购买新鲜的本地生产的食品。许多类似于“从农场到校园”的网络也慢慢开始推广。{16}笔者十余年前在美国第一次见到农民市场及相关宣传时不是不惊讶的:这不就是我们从小就很熟悉的农贸自由市场吗?居然值得这些美国人当作新鲜事物来推广?在更多地了解了美国农业体系及其问题后才明白其中的原由。
Wednesday, 21 December 2011
New Photos Released of Iraq Atrocity, With Documents and Video
By David Swanson
December 19, 2011 "War Is A Crime" -- Every American should read this letter:
December 18, 2007
To: Mr. Randy Waddle, Assistant Inspector General, Ft Carson, Colorado
CC: LTC John Shawkins, Inspector General, Ft Carson, Colorado
Major General Mark Graham, Commanding Officer, Ft Carson, Colorado
Major Haytham Faraj, USMC, Camp Pendleton, California
Lt General Stanley Greene, US Army Inspector General
Subject: Formal Notification of War Atrocities and Crimes Committed by Personnel, B Company, 2-12, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division in Iraq
Dear Mr. Waddle,
My name is John Needham. I am a member of Bravo Company, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry division, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division, (BCo,2-12INF,2BCT,2ID . I deployed with my unit to Iraq from October 2006 until October 2007 when I was medically evacuated for physical and mental injuries that I suffered during my deployment. The purpose of my letter is to report what I believe to be war crimes and violation of the laws of armed conflict that I personally witnesses while deployed in Iraq.
Upon arriving in Iraq in October of 2006 my unit was assigned to the ¼ Cavalry unit at Camp Prosperity. In March of 2007 I was sent back to my unit, B Company 2-12 at Camp Falcon. It was at Camp Falcon that I observed and was forced to participate in ugly and inhumane acts against the Iraqi citizens in our area of responsibilities. Below I list some of the incidents that took place.
In March of 2007, I witnessed SSG Platt shoot and wound an Iraqi national without cause of provocation. The Staff Sergeant said that he suspected the Iraqi be a “trigger” man. We had not been attacked and we found no evidence on the man to support the suspicion. As the Iraqi lay bleeding on the ground, PVT Smith requested to administer first aid to the Iraqi. SSgt Platt said no and “let him bleed out.” When SSG Platt walked away, Pvt Smith and PVT Mullins went to the Iraqi, dragged him to an alley, and applied first aid. They then drove him to the cache for further treatment.
In June of 2007 1SG Spry caused an Iraqi male to be stopped, questioned, detained, and killed. We had no evidence that the Iraqi was an insurgent or terrorist. In any event when we stopped he did not pose a threat. Although I did not personally witness the killing, I did observe 1sg Spry dismembering the body and parading of it while it was tied to the hood of a Humvee around the Muhalla neighborhood while the interpreter blared out warnings in Arabic over the loud speaker. I have a photo that shows 1SG Spry removing the victim’s brains.
On another occasion an Iraqi male was stopped by a team led by Sgt Rogers as he walked down an alleyway. The Iraqi was detained and questioned then with his hands tied behind his back, SGT Rogers skinned his face.
1ST Spry shot a young Iraqi teenager who was about 16 years old. The shooting was unprovoked and the Iraqi posed no threat to the unit. He was merely riding his bicycle past an ambush site. When I arrived on the scene I observed 1SGT Spry along with SSG Platt dismember the boy’s body.
In August of 2007, I responded to radio call from SGT Rogers reporting that he had just shot an Iraqi who was trying to enter through a hole that the platoon had blown in a wall to allow them observation of the area during a security patrol. When I arrived, I saw a one armed man who was still alive lying on a barricade. The man was about 30 years old. He had an old Ruger pistol hanging from his thumb. It was obvious to me that the pistol was placed there because of the way it hung from his thumb. The Iraqi was still alive when I arrived. I saw SGT Rogers shoot him twice in the back with hollow point bullets. The Iraqi was still moving. I was asking why they shot him again when I heard Sgt Hoskins say “he’s moving, he’s still alive.” SPEC Hoskins then moved to the Iraqi and shot him in the back of the head. SSG Platt and SGT Rogers were visibly excited about the kill. I saw them pull the Iraqi’s
brains out as they placed him in the body bag. CPT Kirsey must have learned something about this incident because he was very upset and admonished the NCOs involved.
I have seen and heard 1SGT Spry brag about killing dogs. He kept a running count. At last count I remember he was boasting of having killed 80 dogs.
On many occasions I observed SGT Temples, SSG Platt and SGT Rogers beat and abuse Iraqi teenagers, some as young as 14, without cause. They would walk into a house near areas where they suspected we had received sniper fire, then detain and beat the kids.
I have photos that support my allegations. I also have numerous other photos on a laptop PC that the unit illegally seized from me. I have requested its return but they have refused.
My experiences have taken a terrible toll on me. I suffer from PTSD and depression. I had no way to stop the ugly actions of my unit. When I refused to participate they began to abuse and harass me. I am still in treatment at the Balboa Naval hospital. I respectfully request that you investigate these matters, that you protect my safety by reassigning me to a different unit that is not located at Fort Carson, that you return my PC or, at least, seize it to protect the evidence on it, and that you issue a military protective order to prohibit the offending members of my unit from harassing, retaliating, or contacting me.
I have some photographs and some supporting documentation to these allegations.
Respectfully,
PFC John Needham
US Army
And every American should view these photographs (warning, extremely revolting).
And then watch this superb video to learn from John Needham's father what became of him:
U.S. Army Ranger John Needham, who was awarded two purple hearts and three medals for heroism, wrote to military authorities in 2007 reporting war crimes that he witnessed being committed by his own command and fellow soldiers in Al Doura, Iraq. His charges were supported by atrocity photos which, in the public interest, are now released in this video. John paid a terrible price for his opposition to these acts. His story is tragic.
CBS reported obtaining an Army document from the Criminal Investigation Command suggestive of an investigation into these war crimes allegations. The Army's conclusion was that the "offense of War Crimes did not occur." However, CBS also stated that the report was “redacted and incomplete; 111 pages were withheld.”
December 19, 2011 "War Is A Crime" -- Every American should read this letter:
December 18, 2007
To: Mr. Randy Waddle, Assistant Inspector General, Ft Carson, Colorado
CC: LTC John Shawkins, Inspector General, Ft Carson, Colorado
Major General Mark Graham, Commanding Officer, Ft Carson, Colorado
Major Haytham Faraj, USMC, Camp Pendleton, California
Lt General Stanley Greene, US Army Inspector General
Subject: Formal Notification of War Atrocities and Crimes Committed by Personnel, B Company, 2-12, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division in Iraq
Dear Mr. Waddle,
My name is John Needham. I am a member of Bravo Company, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry division, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division, (BCo,2-12INF,2BCT,2ID . I deployed with my unit to Iraq from October 2006 until October 2007 when I was medically evacuated for physical and mental injuries that I suffered during my deployment. The purpose of my letter is to report what I believe to be war crimes and violation of the laws of armed conflict that I personally witnesses while deployed in Iraq.
Upon arriving in Iraq in October of 2006 my unit was assigned to the ¼ Cavalry unit at Camp Prosperity. In March of 2007 I was sent back to my unit, B Company 2-12 at Camp Falcon. It was at Camp Falcon that I observed and was forced to participate in ugly and inhumane acts against the Iraqi citizens in our area of responsibilities. Below I list some of the incidents that took place.
In March of 2007, I witnessed SSG Platt shoot and wound an Iraqi national without cause of provocation. The Staff Sergeant said that he suspected the Iraqi be a “trigger” man. We had not been attacked and we found no evidence on the man to support the suspicion. As the Iraqi lay bleeding on the ground, PVT Smith requested to administer first aid to the Iraqi. SSgt Platt said no and “let him bleed out.” When SSG Platt walked away, Pvt Smith and PVT Mullins went to the Iraqi, dragged him to an alley, and applied first aid. They then drove him to the cache for further treatment.
In June of 2007 1SG Spry caused an Iraqi male to be stopped, questioned, detained, and killed. We had no evidence that the Iraqi was an insurgent or terrorist. In any event when we stopped he did not pose a threat. Although I did not personally witness the killing, I did observe 1sg Spry dismembering the body and parading of it while it was tied to the hood of a Humvee around the Muhalla neighborhood while the interpreter blared out warnings in Arabic over the loud speaker. I have a photo that shows 1SG Spry removing the victim’s brains.
On another occasion an Iraqi male was stopped by a team led by Sgt Rogers as he walked down an alleyway. The Iraqi was detained and questioned then with his hands tied behind his back, SGT Rogers skinned his face.
1ST Spry shot a young Iraqi teenager who was about 16 years old. The shooting was unprovoked and the Iraqi posed no threat to the unit. He was merely riding his bicycle past an ambush site. When I arrived on the scene I observed 1SGT Spry along with SSG Platt dismember the boy’s body.
In August of 2007, I responded to radio call from SGT Rogers reporting that he had just shot an Iraqi who was trying to enter through a hole that the platoon had blown in a wall to allow them observation of the area during a security patrol. When I arrived, I saw a one armed man who was still alive lying on a barricade. The man was about 30 years old. He had an old Ruger pistol hanging from his thumb. It was obvious to me that the pistol was placed there because of the way it hung from his thumb. The Iraqi was still alive when I arrived. I saw SGT Rogers shoot him twice in the back with hollow point bullets. The Iraqi was still moving. I was asking why they shot him again when I heard Sgt Hoskins say “he’s moving, he’s still alive.” SPEC Hoskins then moved to the Iraqi and shot him in the back of the head. SSG Platt and SGT Rogers were visibly excited about the kill. I saw them pull the Iraqi’s
brains out as they placed him in the body bag. CPT Kirsey must have learned something about this incident because he was very upset and admonished the NCOs involved.
I have seen and heard 1SGT Spry brag about killing dogs. He kept a running count. At last count I remember he was boasting of having killed 80 dogs.
On many occasions I observed SGT Temples, SSG Platt and SGT Rogers beat and abuse Iraqi teenagers, some as young as 14, without cause. They would walk into a house near areas where they suspected we had received sniper fire, then detain and beat the kids.
I have photos that support my allegations. I also have numerous other photos on a laptop PC that the unit illegally seized from me. I have requested its return but they have refused.
My experiences have taken a terrible toll on me. I suffer from PTSD and depression. I had no way to stop the ugly actions of my unit. When I refused to participate they began to abuse and harass me. I am still in treatment at the Balboa Naval hospital. I respectfully request that you investigate these matters, that you protect my safety by reassigning me to a different unit that is not located at Fort Carson, that you return my PC or, at least, seize it to protect the evidence on it, and that you issue a military protective order to prohibit the offending members of my unit from harassing, retaliating, or contacting me.
I have some photographs and some supporting documentation to these allegations.
Respectfully,
PFC John Needham
US Army
And every American should view these photographs (warning, extremely revolting).
And then watch this superb video to learn from John Needham's father what became of him:
On the Dark Side in Al Doura - A Soldier in the Shadows from Pulse TV & Maverick Media on Vimeo.
U.S. Army Ranger John Needham, who was awarded two purple hearts and three medals for heroism, wrote to military authorities in 2007 reporting war crimes that he witnessed being committed by his own command and fellow soldiers in Al Doura, Iraq. His charges were supported by atrocity photos which, in the public interest, are now released in this video. John paid a terrible price for his opposition to these acts. His story is tragic.
CBS reported obtaining an Army document from the Criminal Investigation Command suggestive of an investigation into these war crimes allegations. The Army's conclusion was that the "offense of War Crimes did not occur." However, CBS also stated that the report was “redacted and incomplete; 111 pages were withheld.”
Tuesday, 20 December 2011
境外媒体大肆报道的“反叛”广东乌坎村
境外媒体大肆报道的“反叛”广东乌坎村,并非如报道说的那样,是什么中国的茉莉花革命,或xx之春。我认为下面这个帖子说的比较贴近真实:
关于乌坎,我来说几句 [ 萧何月下追虞姬 ] 于:2011-12-19 22:29:44 主题帖
我一个同事来自周边村镇,今天跟他聊天,知道了一些好玩的事情,跟河里的朋友汇报一下。
乌坎,是个海边小镇,全镇一半的面积临海,是个潮汕地区重要港口。传说中的潮汕走私,重点是海陆丰地区,而海陆丰的走私,大半就是甲子、乌坎等村渔民干的。
早在90年代中期,这几个地方的渔民就开始大规模走私录像机、手表、香烟。乌坎事件主角陈文清,香港籍、祖籍乌坎。早年在香港走私手表、电器、毒品,参加黑社会,后作为外商衣锦还乡,带领乡亲“勤劳致富”,长期在当地享有较高声望——这是潮汕地区基层民主、乡绅自治的典型路线,绝不是乌坎村所独有。
长期以来,地方政府“聚精会神搞建设,一心一意谋发展”,对这些破事长期视而不见,将陈文清等人当作爱国华侨,甚至将乌坎作为“潮汕第一村”,当成一项政绩来加以炫耀。
到90年代中央开始打击走私,政府与村民关系迅速恶化,但已经尾大不掉。最严重的时候,有民兵在村口站岗,风能进雨能进,武警不能进,政府官员不能进。不服王化已近20年矣!
扭曲的社会小环境,造就了村民扭曲的生活方式和思维方式。90年代走私大跃进期间,各村基本全村动员,男女老幼齐上阵,村民以打渔为生者甚少,读书者甚少(具体情况请以乌坎+走私做关键词,自己上google搜索),形成了深刻的文化断层——除了走私,他们中的很多人已经无法适应任何其他谋生手段。
进入2010年代,走私已经基本得到控制,陈文清等人虽然在当地还有强大的政治影响力,但其“致富渠道”已日益枯竭,影响力日趋降低。于是本地土著觉得以前给陈文清的好处太多,与之新帐旧账一起算,与之发生冲突。
当地政府为了招商引资无所不用其极,长期与外商打成一片,群众对政府不信任;加之过去十年来,政府打击走私,断了群众“生路”,客观上造成了怨恨;政府官员的腐败、无能,令群众十分不满。
历史积累的各种原因叠加,导致了今天的冲突。对此,官民双方都清楚自己屁股上有屎。所以,乌坎事件看似闹得凶,但仔细一看双方的宣传,都是语焉不详,不敢说的太清楚。总的来说,就事论事,这一届政府班子大概觉得有苦说不出,舆论阵地彻底失语。
对中央来说,更尴尬的是:村民矛盾所针对的对象,主要是村官,不是县官,这反而增加了中央的处理难度——村民反对县官,好办,直接免职即可平息民愤;但是,如果村民反对村官,那可就难搞了,人家可是民主选举产生的,你根本没法免职。
而村民之所以在反村官的时候搭上县官,是因为村民认为县官与村官是一伙的。而事实上,自从基层民主试验田以来,县与村就存在一个深深的裂痕——县官是上级任命的,村官是民主选举的。县官干几年就走,村官不仅能连选连任,事实上往往是世袭的。因此,县官斗不过村官,已成为普遍现象。任何一个县官都不可能不巴结村官,否则必定被村官穿小鞋,甚至被人半路赶走。
我个人推测,大海同志(广东省委书记汪洋)的思路,大概就是赶紧把这破事先糊弄过去再说。首先,现任村官不能动,不然他们也会玩鱼死网破;第二,以党委名义把村支书等人免了,平息一下民愤;第三,看看能不能用纳税人的钱给村民一点甜头,尽量分化瓦解;第四,洋大人(陈文清和记者)是不能得罪的,尽力糊弄。
总之,走一步看一步,稳定压倒一切。
关于乌坎,我来说几句 [ 萧何月下追虞姬 ] 于:2011-12-19 22:29:44 主题帖
我一个同事来自周边村镇,今天跟他聊天,知道了一些好玩的事情,跟河里的朋友汇报一下。
乌坎,是个海边小镇,全镇一半的面积临海,是个潮汕地区重要港口。传说中的潮汕走私,重点是海陆丰地区,而海陆丰的走私,大半就是甲子、乌坎等村渔民干的。
早在90年代中期,这几个地方的渔民就开始大规模走私录像机、手表、香烟。乌坎事件主角陈文清,香港籍、祖籍乌坎。早年在香港走私手表、电器、毒品,参加黑社会,后作为外商衣锦还乡,带领乡亲“勤劳致富”,长期在当地享有较高声望——这是潮汕地区基层民主、乡绅自治的典型路线,绝不是乌坎村所独有。
长期以来,地方政府“聚精会神搞建设,一心一意谋发展”,对这些破事长期视而不见,将陈文清等人当作爱国华侨,甚至将乌坎作为“潮汕第一村”,当成一项政绩来加以炫耀。
到90年代中央开始打击走私,政府与村民关系迅速恶化,但已经尾大不掉。最严重的时候,有民兵在村口站岗,风能进雨能进,武警不能进,政府官员不能进。不服王化已近20年矣!
扭曲的社会小环境,造就了村民扭曲的生活方式和思维方式。90年代走私大跃进期间,各村基本全村动员,男女老幼齐上阵,村民以打渔为生者甚少,读书者甚少(具体情况请以乌坎+走私做关键词,自己上google搜索),形成了深刻的文化断层——除了走私,他们中的很多人已经无法适应任何其他谋生手段。
进入2010年代,走私已经基本得到控制,陈文清等人虽然在当地还有强大的政治影响力,但其“致富渠道”已日益枯竭,影响力日趋降低。于是本地土著觉得以前给陈文清的好处太多,与之新帐旧账一起算,与之发生冲突。
当地政府为了招商引资无所不用其极,长期与外商打成一片,群众对政府不信任;加之过去十年来,政府打击走私,断了群众“生路”,客观上造成了怨恨;政府官员的腐败、无能,令群众十分不满。
历史积累的各种原因叠加,导致了今天的冲突。对此,官民双方都清楚自己屁股上有屎。所以,乌坎事件看似闹得凶,但仔细一看双方的宣传,都是语焉不详,不敢说的太清楚。总的来说,就事论事,这一届政府班子大概觉得有苦说不出,舆论阵地彻底失语。
对中央来说,更尴尬的是:村民矛盾所针对的对象,主要是村官,不是县官,这反而增加了中央的处理难度——村民反对县官,好办,直接免职即可平息民愤;但是,如果村民反对村官,那可就难搞了,人家可是民主选举产生的,你根本没法免职。
而村民之所以在反村官的时候搭上县官,是因为村民认为县官与村官是一伙的。而事实上,自从基层民主试验田以来,县与村就存在一个深深的裂痕——县官是上级任命的,村官是民主选举的。县官干几年就走,村官不仅能连选连任,事实上往往是世袭的。因此,县官斗不过村官,已成为普遍现象。任何一个县官都不可能不巴结村官,否则必定被村官穿小鞋,甚至被人半路赶走。
我个人推测,大海同志(广东省委书记汪洋)的思路,大概就是赶紧把这破事先糊弄过去再说。首先,现任村官不能动,不然他们也会玩鱼死网破;第二,以党委名义把村支书等人免了,平息一下民愤;第三,看看能不能用纳税人的钱给村民一点甜头,尽量分化瓦解;第四,洋大人(陈文清和记者)是不能得罪的,尽力糊弄。
总之,走一步看一步,稳定压倒一切。
Friday, 16 December 2011
单仁平:艾未未是中国崛起的受益者
单仁平 环球时报评论员
年底回望,2011年大概称得上是艾未未等中国“异见人士”收获的一年。艾未未虽然吃了官司,但在西方名声大振,各种奖项纷至沓来。近日刚出炉的美国《时代》周刊年度风云人物评选,艾未未又名列第三。在刘晓波去年刚获诺贝尔和平奖之后,艾未未又登上可与刘比肩的西方荣誉巅峰,这是在非西方名流中从未发生过的奇迹。
艾、刘是有个人人生付出的,刘尤其是。还有胡佳,等等。但他们从西方得到的回报,是过去几十年中非西方小国的“异议人士”不敢想的。时代使他们站在了西方与中国战略博弈的特殊位置上,他们既不像改革开放前的中国反体制者那样孤独、有生命危险,也不像小国的政治不合作者那样被西方轻视。
中国在世界的战略地位,特别是中国近年的快速崛起,是艾未未等对西方政治价值的根本来源。换句话说,艾未未们同样是中国崛起的受益者。
当然,就像主流社会的人们从对外开放中受益程度不均衡一样,“异见人士”们也苦乐不均。
艾未未是那个圈子里最受人羡慕的之一。艾被拘押的时间只有几十天,但西方给他的荣誉把他一下子变成了全世界的大名人,他的艺术品价格翻番向上涨。他在拘留所每蹲一天,都为自己储蓄了难以计算的财富,以及各种可以随意兑换的资源。
至少艾未未本人从中国崛起中的获益,是普通中国人无论如何得不到的。他是中国崛起大潮中“最幸运的”之一。他在美国没混出名堂,1993年回国时普普通通,后来很长时间里搞行为艺术还是普普通通,只是近年参与“反体制”,创造了次流艺术因与政治结合而“大放异彩”的成功“旁门左道”。
西方政界和艺术界对艾未未的追捧都很惊人,这个至少在中国艺术界至今颇受争议的人,在西方被当成了有成为达·芬奇、毕加索潜力的“大艺术家”。中国一直苦于出不来世界级的“大家”,现在却来得全不费功夫:艾未未的“崛起”竟比中国崛起还“猛”。
其实艾未未的“崛起”和中国崛起就是密不可分的。如果中国是小国,或者如果中国没有迅速崛起成世界第二大经济体,他很可能什么也不是,他造的“瓷瓜子”不会有几个老外买。那样的话,中国也不会出两个反体制的诺贝尔和平奖得主,更不会在刘晓波得奖的第二年就出艾未未这样的世界级新星。
中国崛起是中国几乎所有人的福祉,包括拆除中国体制的主张者。这样的主张很难实现,但它集合了中国内部的一些不满,并且符合外部力量遏制中国的愿望,因此它的价值像在股市上一样被放大。
这是一股“巧劲”。中国必须强大,还应有一些问题,有把中国“扳倒”的依稀希望,才会有西方推动艾未未们不断出现的历史必要。艾未未的利益,就是在“中国强大”上做巢,在中国与西方的博弈中应势而动。
中国崛起的副产品已经是世界范围内最有价值的,这的确很有趣。但艾未未们不可能左右中国的命运,他们终将被证明是浮在中国崛起历史大潮中的泡沫。
年底回望,2011年大概称得上是艾未未等中国“异见人士”收获的一年。艾未未虽然吃了官司,但在西方名声大振,各种奖项纷至沓来。近日刚出炉的美国《时代》周刊年度风云人物评选,艾未未又名列第三。在刘晓波去年刚获诺贝尔和平奖之后,艾未未又登上可与刘比肩的西方荣誉巅峰,这是在非西方名流中从未发生过的奇迹。
艾、刘是有个人人生付出的,刘尤其是。还有胡佳,等等。但他们从西方得到的回报,是过去几十年中非西方小国的“异议人士”不敢想的。时代使他们站在了西方与中国战略博弈的特殊位置上,他们既不像改革开放前的中国反体制者那样孤独、有生命危险,也不像小国的政治不合作者那样被西方轻视。
中国在世界的战略地位,特别是中国近年的快速崛起,是艾未未等对西方政治价值的根本来源。换句话说,艾未未们同样是中国崛起的受益者。
当然,就像主流社会的人们从对外开放中受益程度不均衡一样,“异见人士”们也苦乐不均。
艾未未是那个圈子里最受人羡慕的之一。艾被拘押的时间只有几十天,但西方给他的荣誉把他一下子变成了全世界的大名人,他的艺术品价格翻番向上涨。他在拘留所每蹲一天,都为自己储蓄了难以计算的财富,以及各种可以随意兑换的资源。
至少艾未未本人从中国崛起中的获益,是普通中国人无论如何得不到的。他是中国崛起大潮中“最幸运的”之一。他在美国没混出名堂,1993年回国时普普通通,后来很长时间里搞行为艺术还是普普通通,只是近年参与“反体制”,创造了次流艺术因与政治结合而“大放异彩”的成功“旁门左道”。
西方政界和艺术界对艾未未的追捧都很惊人,这个至少在中国艺术界至今颇受争议的人,在西方被当成了有成为达·芬奇、毕加索潜力的“大艺术家”。中国一直苦于出不来世界级的“大家”,现在却来得全不费功夫:艾未未的“崛起”竟比中国崛起还“猛”。
其实艾未未的“崛起”和中国崛起就是密不可分的。如果中国是小国,或者如果中国没有迅速崛起成世界第二大经济体,他很可能什么也不是,他造的“瓷瓜子”不会有几个老外买。那样的话,中国也不会出两个反体制的诺贝尔和平奖得主,更不会在刘晓波得奖的第二年就出艾未未这样的世界级新星。
中国崛起是中国几乎所有人的福祉,包括拆除中国体制的主张者。这样的主张很难实现,但它集合了中国内部的一些不满,并且符合外部力量遏制中国的愿望,因此它的价值像在股市上一样被放大。
这是一股“巧劲”。中国必须强大,还应有一些问题,有把中国“扳倒”的依稀希望,才会有西方推动艾未未们不断出现的历史必要。艾未未的利益,就是在“中国强大”上做巢,在中国与西方的博弈中应势而动。
中国崛起的副产品已经是世界范围内最有价值的,这的确很有趣。但艾未未们不可能左右中国的命运,他们终将被证明是浮在中国崛起历史大潮中的泡沫。
Friday, 9 December 2011
蒙克: 西藏流亡政府首脑访欧强调对话
达赖喇嘛明确表示不再担任西藏政治领袖后,流亡藏人民主选举出的流亡政府首脑洛桑•桑盖开始积极发挥政治作用
达赖喇嘛明确表示不再担任西藏政治领袖后,流亡藏人民主选举出的流亡政府首脑洛桑·桑盖开始积极发挥政治作用。目前在欧洲访问的桑盖再次强调了对话的重要性。
洛桑·桑盖的新职位是噶伦赤巴,意即首席噶伦或首席部长。用洛桑·桑盖自己的话说,他是“藏人行政中央” (CTA)的首脑。也许不用流亡政府总理这样在法律上更刺激中国当局的称呼,可能更有利于在出访时同各国首脑会晤。
“藏人行政中央” 是14世达赖喇嘛在1959年流亡印度后建立,也被称为西藏流亡政府。不过流亡藏人称“藏人行政中央” 并非要取代西藏的权力机构,该机构在西藏人获得自由后会自动解散。
非暴力,对话
洛桑·桑盖今天在伦敦再次强调对话是解决西藏问题的唯一途径。今年三月中国藏区发生了一系列藏人僧侣自焚抗议事件。洛桑·桑盖说这些自焚事件说明了藏人的绝望处境,更说明敦促中国当局展开对话的必要。
洛桑·桑盖承认西方同中国的经贸依赖关系的重要性,但是他说在做生意的同时,坚持道义原则也很重要。他说道义支持能够给藏人带来希望,否则中国当局就会认为他们已经赢得了胜利。
一部分西藏人,特别是年轻人,认为达赖喇嘛的“中间道路”政策过于节制,过于温和,他们面对中国的强硬政策感到绝望。但是桑盖表示,“中间道路”和“非暴力”是西藏流亡民主政府的主张。
他说他支持达赖喇嘛提出的“中间道路”,他在选举中获胜某种程度也说明了大部分藏人赞成这个政策,即在中国的框架内谋求真正的自治,而非全面独立。
接触谈判?
中国一直拒绝承认西藏流亡政府,并称新当选为噶伦赤巴的桑盖是分裂主义者。中国坚持接触谈判的对象仅限于达赖喇嘛的私人代表。但是桑盖认为,中国同噶伦谈判并没有和以往的做法有多大不同。
桑盖说,在过去每次接触谈判中,中国当局十分清楚达赖喇嘛的谈判代表都有噶伦的授权和指示,他们在谈判后也向噶伦汇报谈判结果,噶伦在接触谈判中一直发挥作用。
有博士学位的桑盖在担任噶伦之前的十几年一直在美国从事学术活动,同中国学者接触交流。他说他的这些经历能够证明他愿意同中国当局对话。
另外,虽然他是流亡政府的首脑,但是流亡藏人同中国境内藏人的互动,以及达赖喇嘛对他的大力支持,许多证据证明他在中国境内的藏人当中的知名度很高。中国境内藏人对他的支持也给予了他参加同中国对话的正当性。
达赖喇嘛明确表示不再担任西藏政治领袖后,流亡藏人民主选举出的流亡政府首脑洛桑·桑盖开始积极发挥政治作用。目前在欧洲访问的桑盖再次强调了对话的重要性。
洛桑·桑盖的新职位是噶伦赤巴,意即首席噶伦或首席部长。用洛桑·桑盖自己的话说,他是“藏人行政中央” (CTA)的首脑。也许不用流亡政府总理这样在法律上更刺激中国当局的称呼,可能更有利于在出访时同各国首脑会晤。
“藏人行政中央” 是14世达赖喇嘛在1959年流亡印度后建立,也被称为西藏流亡政府。不过流亡藏人称“藏人行政中央” 并非要取代西藏的权力机构,该机构在西藏人获得自由后会自动解散。
非暴力,对话
洛桑·桑盖今天在伦敦再次强调对话是解决西藏问题的唯一途径。今年三月中国藏区发生了一系列藏人僧侣自焚抗议事件。洛桑·桑盖说这些自焚事件说明了藏人的绝望处境,更说明敦促中国当局展开对话的必要。
洛桑·桑盖承认西方同中国的经贸依赖关系的重要性,但是他说在做生意的同时,坚持道义原则也很重要。他说道义支持能够给藏人带来希望,否则中国当局就会认为他们已经赢得了胜利。
一部分西藏人,特别是年轻人,认为达赖喇嘛的“中间道路”政策过于节制,过于温和,他们面对中国的强硬政策感到绝望。但是桑盖表示,“中间道路”和“非暴力”是西藏流亡民主政府的主张。
他说他支持达赖喇嘛提出的“中间道路”,他在选举中获胜某种程度也说明了大部分藏人赞成这个政策,即在中国的框架内谋求真正的自治,而非全面独立。
接触谈判?
中国一直拒绝承认西藏流亡政府,并称新当选为噶伦赤巴的桑盖是分裂主义者。中国坚持接触谈判的对象仅限于达赖喇嘛的私人代表。但是桑盖认为,中国同噶伦谈判并没有和以往的做法有多大不同。
桑盖说,在过去每次接触谈判中,中国当局十分清楚达赖喇嘛的谈判代表都有噶伦的授权和指示,他们在谈判后也向噶伦汇报谈判结果,噶伦在接触谈判中一直发挥作用。
有博士学位的桑盖在担任噶伦之前的十几年一直在美国从事学术活动,同中国学者接触交流。他说他的这些经历能够证明他愿意同中国当局对话。
另外,虽然他是流亡政府的首脑,但是流亡藏人同中国境内藏人的互动,以及达赖喇嘛对他的大力支持,许多证据证明他在中国境内的藏人当中的知名度很高。中国境内藏人对他的支持也给予了他参加同中国对话的正当性。
Wednesday, 16 November 2011
蒙克:中国媒体右倾政治左转?
BBC评论
1974年中国发生声势浩大的“批林批孔”运动也许算是毛泽东一生中发动的最后一次政治运动。将近40年过去,中国媒体似乎再次掀起了一场“批孔”浪潮,这次媒体声讨的对象不是两千年前的孔夫子,而是自称孔夫子第73代子孙的北大教授孔庆东。
当初“批孔”是一场自上而下发动的政治斗争,如今媒体“批孔”的争论则反映出中国社会舆论的鲜明对立,或许也折射出中共18大前政治斗争的端倪。
事情起因是孔庆东在微博上自爆粗口骂了南方报系记者。据说他对南方记者说了:去你妈,滚你妈,X你妈。孔老师的“三妈论”一石激起千层浪,中国多家媒体形成了批孔统一战线,新华网还刊文要求北大辞去不配“为人师表”的“骂人教授”孔庆东。
南方报系
新华社是兼有为当局引导舆论之责、雇用十多万员工的正部级新闻单位。新华网刊文支持南方报系令许多人出乎意料。南方系媒体素有“开放”和“自由”之称,被西方记者称为“敢言”和“勇于挑战新闻审查”。
美国总统奥巴马2010年访华期间没有接受中国的权威官方媒体采访,只接受了南方系报纸的专访。境外媒体报道说,白宫首先提出由南方报纸独家专访奥巴马。当时中国有评论说,南方专访奥巴马令中宣部愤怒,令国内同行嫉妒。还有人说,在美国看来,中国南方报系的地位高于《人民日报》、新华社和中央电视台。
显然奥巴马没有客随主便令中国当局不快,《南方周末》的独家专访也经过宣传部门的严格审查。不过《南方周末》似乎意味深长地在刊登奥巴马专访时在头版罕见地留了半版空白,中间写了一行小字:“不是每一期都有独家专访,但是每一周都可以在这里读懂中国”。西方驻华记者认为,这是南方报纸在曲笔表达对中国的新闻审查的不满。
舆论右倾?
中国网络舆论似乎同主流媒体形成鲜明对比,相当多网民表达了对孔庆东的支持。有人说,孔庆东引发的争论终究不过是关于个人涵养和风度的问题,毕竟不是针对弱势群体或某个文化群体使用歧视和侮辱性的语言,比起比艾未未的“X你妈祖国”要无害多了。
不少网民说,多年来自由派学者和专家公开宣扬侮辱劳动阶层的言论,鼓吹不劳而获的价值观,挑战中华人民共和国宪法的时候,中国媒体为什么没有像现在这样义愤填膺?
孔庆东的同情者批评中国媒体的“义愤”和“道德感”已经有了偏向性。他们举例说,有知名学者在中国太空发射时公开祈祷天宫一号发射失败;有人为穷人上不起大学,为“黑煤窑”,为贫富悬殊加剧的经济合理性作辩护;有人公开侮辱共和国烈士,中国媒体似乎并没有表现出类似的义愤。
政治左转?
媒体讨伐孔庆东“暴粗口”进一步推动了南方报系的粉丝和反对者之间的辩论。孔庆东事后说,他的“三骂”不过是个火力侦察,有意让“汉奸媒体”对他“ 进行‘反革命围剿’”,让他们自我暴露。据说一夜之间全国有八十多家媒体发文对他进行了谴责。
孔庆东不仅公开点名批评新华社,还把矛头指向有改革派少壮派领袖之称的广东省委书记汪洋。孔庆东说,“新华社已经不归党中央管了,新华社现在归《南方周末》管,新华社现在归广东省委管,新华社归广东省委书记汪洋同志管”,讽刺改革派势力坐大。
孔庆东“暴粗”与媒体“围攻”涉及中国日益尖锐对立所谓“左”和“右”的社会舆论。有人主张民族主义和国家主义,另一些人主张普世论和西化;有人注重“一部分人先富”,有人主张“共同富裕”。还有人分析,孔庆东这次敢于点名被看好18大可能晋身中央领导核心的广东省委书记汪洋,说明这场争论背后有很深的政治暗流,反映了18大前政治斗争白热化。
今年在中共建党90周年前夕,汪洋提出“做大蛋糕”的发展方针,同重庆市委书记薄熙来“分好蛋糕”的提法针锋相对。而薄熙来在重庆“唱红打黑”的所谓重庆模式一直倍受孔庆东推崇。薄熙来能否在18大晋身中国中央政治局常委一直是观察家的猜测热点。对许多人来说,汪、薄两人谁能在18大进入权力核心似乎成了中国未来政治走向的风向标。
1974年中国发生声势浩大的“批林批孔”运动也许算是毛泽东一生中发动的最后一次政治运动。将近40年过去,中国媒体似乎再次掀起了一场“批孔”浪潮,这次媒体声讨的对象不是两千年前的孔夫子,而是自称孔夫子第73代子孙的北大教授孔庆东。
当初“批孔”是一场自上而下发动的政治斗争,如今媒体“批孔”的争论则反映出中国社会舆论的鲜明对立,或许也折射出中共18大前政治斗争的端倪。
事情起因是孔庆东在微博上自爆粗口骂了南方报系记者。据说他对南方记者说了:去你妈,滚你妈,X你妈。孔老师的“三妈论”一石激起千层浪,中国多家媒体形成了批孔统一战线,新华网还刊文要求北大辞去不配“为人师表”的“骂人教授”孔庆东。
南方报系
新华社是兼有为当局引导舆论之责、雇用十多万员工的正部级新闻单位。新华网刊文支持南方报系令许多人出乎意料。南方系媒体素有“开放”和“自由”之称,被西方记者称为“敢言”和“勇于挑战新闻审查”。
美国总统奥巴马2010年访华期间没有接受中国的权威官方媒体采访,只接受了南方系报纸的专访。境外媒体报道说,白宫首先提出由南方报纸独家专访奥巴马。当时中国有评论说,南方专访奥巴马令中宣部愤怒,令国内同行嫉妒。还有人说,在美国看来,中国南方报系的地位高于《人民日报》、新华社和中央电视台。
显然奥巴马没有客随主便令中国当局不快,《南方周末》的独家专访也经过宣传部门的严格审查。不过《南方周末》似乎意味深长地在刊登奥巴马专访时在头版罕见地留了半版空白,中间写了一行小字:“不是每一期都有独家专访,但是每一周都可以在这里读懂中国”。西方驻华记者认为,这是南方报纸在曲笔表达对中国的新闻审查的不满。
舆论右倾?
中国网络舆论似乎同主流媒体形成鲜明对比,相当多网民表达了对孔庆东的支持。有人说,孔庆东引发的争论终究不过是关于个人涵养和风度的问题,毕竟不是针对弱势群体或某个文化群体使用歧视和侮辱性的语言,比起比艾未未的“X你妈祖国”要无害多了。
不少网民说,多年来自由派学者和专家公开宣扬侮辱劳动阶层的言论,鼓吹不劳而获的价值观,挑战中华人民共和国宪法的时候,中国媒体为什么没有像现在这样义愤填膺?
孔庆东的同情者批评中国媒体的“义愤”和“道德感”已经有了偏向性。他们举例说,有知名学者在中国太空发射时公开祈祷天宫一号发射失败;有人为穷人上不起大学,为“黑煤窑”,为贫富悬殊加剧的经济合理性作辩护;有人公开侮辱共和国烈士,中国媒体似乎并没有表现出类似的义愤。
政治左转?
媒体讨伐孔庆东“暴粗口”进一步推动了南方报系的粉丝和反对者之间的辩论。孔庆东事后说,他的“三骂”不过是个火力侦察,有意让“汉奸媒体”对他“ 进行‘反革命围剿’”,让他们自我暴露。据说一夜之间全国有八十多家媒体发文对他进行了谴责。
孔庆东不仅公开点名批评新华社,还把矛头指向有改革派少壮派领袖之称的广东省委书记汪洋。孔庆东说,“新华社已经不归党中央管了,新华社现在归《南方周末》管,新华社现在归广东省委管,新华社归广东省委书记汪洋同志管”,讽刺改革派势力坐大。
孔庆东“暴粗”与媒体“围攻”涉及中国日益尖锐对立所谓“左”和“右”的社会舆论。有人主张民族主义和国家主义,另一些人主张普世论和西化;有人注重“一部分人先富”,有人主张“共同富裕”。还有人分析,孔庆东这次敢于点名被看好18大可能晋身中央领导核心的广东省委书记汪洋,说明这场争论背后有很深的政治暗流,反映了18大前政治斗争白热化。
今年在中共建党90周年前夕,汪洋提出“做大蛋糕”的发展方针,同重庆市委书记薄熙来“分好蛋糕”的提法针锋相对。而薄熙来在重庆“唱红打黑”的所谓重庆模式一直倍受孔庆东推崇。薄熙来能否在18大晋身中国中央政治局常委一直是观察家的猜测热点。对许多人来说,汪、薄两人谁能在18大进入权力核心似乎成了中国未来政治走向的风向标。
Monday, 14 November 2011
yizhe: 没想到孔庆东骂南方记者惹这么大麻烦
没想到孔庆东骂南方记者惹这么大麻烦
by Izhe
没想到孔庆东骂南方记者惹这么大麻烦。看那意思是中国媒体,记者要搞统一战线批孔了。
就老孔的3妈脱口秀(对南方记者说去你妈,滚你妈,操你妈)本身来说,我认为他对南方的小记者不公平,甚至可能给刚出道的小记者造成心理伤害。不过也可能因此让小记者出名,对他的记者事业有帮助也说不定。如果孔老师骂人的动机是用心良苦,良药苦口那种,是想帮帮年轻人,只要说清楚,道歉都不用了。
对于几家大媒体搞批孔统一战线,新华社出文要砸孔老师在北大的饭碗,的确有点出人意料,特别是考虑到平时中国那么些个精英,叫兽,多少年来,大放了那么多厥词,比孔老师的3妈论厉害多了去,也没见这些媒体放个什么p。
老孔的3妈,是对一个人的侮辱谩骂,是粗俗,没有风度,但终究不是对弱势群体,或哪个阶层,或文化群体使用歧视性和侮辱性的语言。起码来说,比艾未未的“操你妈祖国”要无害多了吧?跟北航叫兽王福重诅咒天宫一号失败没法比吧?
当那些叫兽砖家整天对社会宣扬侮辱劳动阶层的言论,鼓吹不劳而获的价值观,挑战国家根本大法的时候,那些媒体都做什么去了?怎么没见他们那出同样的“正义感”来,代表社会的大多数,同样“义正词严”地谴责一下?
胡言乱语,对社会有危害的言论多不胜数,在这种时候就需要媒体站在公正立场,报道真相、辟谣,保护公共利益。可惜这些媒体和记者并不总能像这次对孔老师这样表现出义愤填膺。
这里仅举几例,说明中国媒体的“义愤”是有选择性的,“道德感”也是有针对性的,一言以B之,他们是装B的媒体(上次在西西河里咱说乐句B大某教授是装B, 被封了一个月...:-)),他们对歧视和侮辱穷人,主张剥夺社会劳动阶层的应有权利和福利,挑战共和国宪法的言论不闻不问,从来不对真正的坏人说他们“丧失了作为教师的基本道德底线”。
北大叫兽张维迎:“中国目前为什么穷人上不起大学?是因为收费太低”,“官员是改革中相对受损最大的利益集团”, “黑窑是社会主义初级阶段的一种必然现象”....
老牌精英厉以宁:
“中国的贫富差距还不够大,只有拉大差距,社会才能进步” ,“中国穷人为什么穷,因为他们都有仇富心理”,
“12亿农民和下岗工人是中国巨大的财富,没有他们的辛苦,哪有少数人的享乐,他们的存在和维持现在的状态是很有必要的”,
“中国不应该建成福利社会,否则人们便没有危机感,不好好工作。我建议取消所谓的养老保险、失业保险、工伤保险等等福利,目的是保持大家的工作热情和能力”......
“经济学者”茅于轼主张穷人的廉租房不用建厕所。他还公然侮辱共和国缔造者毛泽东,说“毛泽东奸污过不计其数的妇女……”
西方的学者和大学教授要是如此放厥词,即使不丢饭碗,也会成为人人喊打的过街老鼠。
by Izhe
没想到孔庆东骂南方记者惹这么大麻烦。看那意思是中国媒体,记者要搞统一战线批孔了。
就老孔的3妈脱口秀(对南方记者说去你妈,滚你妈,操你妈)本身来说,我认为他对南方的小记者不公平,甚至可能给刚出道的小记者造成心理伤害。不过也可能因此让小记者出名,对他的记者事业有帮助也说不定。如果孔老师骂人的动机是用心良苦,良药苦口那种,是想帮帮年轻人,只要说清楚,道歉都不用了。
对于几家大媒体搞批孔统一战线,新华社出文要砸孔老师在北大的饭碗,的确有点出人意料,特别是考虑到平时中国那么些个精英,叫兽,多少年来,大放了那么多厥词,比孔老师的3妈论厉害多了去,也没见这些媒体放个什么p。
老孔的3妈,是对一个人的侮辱谩骂,是粗俗,没有风度,但终究不是对弱势群体,或哪个阶层,或文化群体使用歧视性和侮辱性的语言。起码来说,比艾未未的“操你妈祖国”要无害多了吧?跟北航叫兽王福重诅咒天宫一号失败没法比吧?
当那些叫兽砖家整天对社会宣扬侮辱劳动阶层的言论,鼓吹不劳而获的价值观,挑战国家根本大法的时候,那些媒体都做什么去了?怎么没见他们那出同样的“正义感”来,代表社会的大多数,同样“义正词严”地谴责一下?
胡言乱语,对社会有危害的言论多不胜数,在这种时候就需要媒体站在公正立场,报道真相、辟谣,保护公共利益。可惜这些媒体和记者并不总能像这次对孔老师这样表现出义愤填膺。
这里仅举几例,说明中国媒体的“义愤”是有选择性的,“道德感”也是有针对性的,一言以B之,他们是装B的媒体(上次在西西河里咱说乐句B大某教授是装B, 被封了一个月...:-)),他们对歧视和侮辱穷人,主张剥夺社会劳动阶层的应有权利和福利,挑战共和国宪法的言论不闻不问,从来不对真正的坏人说他们“丧失了作为教师的基本道德底线”。
北大叫兽张维迎:“中国目前为什么穷人上不起大学?是因为收费太低”,“官员是改革中相对受损最大的利益集团”, “黑窑是社会主义初级阶段的一种必然现象”....
老牌精英厉以宁:
“中国的贫富差距还不够大,只有拉大差距,社会才能进步” ,“中国穷人为什么穷,因为他们都有仇富心理”,
“12亿农民和下岗工人是中国巨大的财富,没有他们的辛苦,哪有少数人的享乐,他们的存在和维持现在的状态是很有必要的”,
“中国不应该建成福利社会,否则人们便没有危机感,不好好工作。我建议取消所谓的养老保险、失业保险、工伤保险等等福利,目的是保持大家的工作热情和能力”......
“经济学者”茅于轼主张穷人的廉租房不用建厕所。他还公然侮辱共和国缔造者毛泽东,说“毛泽东奸污过不计其数的妇女……”
西方的学者和大学教授要是如此放厥词,即使不丢饭碗,也会成为人人喊打的过街老鼠。
蒙克:藏人自焚抗议引发震撼与争论
BBC蒙克
中国藏区多起藏人自焚抗议在海外流亡藏人社区引发强烈反响
1963年6月11日在西贡街头,美国记者大卫亲历越南僧人释广德自焚的全过程,他后来这样描写自己的心灵震撼:
“一个活人的身体中喷射着火焰,他的皮肤慢慢开始发泡并且起皱,他的头被烧黑并慢慢炭化。空气中弥漫着人肉燃烧的气味;我从未想过人的身体是如此易燃。在我的身后,我听到越南民众开始聚集起来并且小声地哭泣。我本人被震惊到连哭都哭不出来,头脑中一片混乱到连采访和用笔记录都做不到,连脑子都已经无法思考了……在他燃烧的过程中,他没有抽动过一块肌肉,没有发出一点喊叫,他本人出奇地镇静,和他周围哀号的民众形成了鲜明的对比。”
释广德自焚抗议美国支持的南越政府在战争期间的暴行震惊了世界。最近发生的一系列藏人自焚抗议事件也产生震撼效果,激起强烈的感情反应,增加了报道以及试图做客观评论和分析的难度。
为什么自焚?
今年3月以来,11名在中国的藏人自焚,其中6人已经死亡。中国当局把自焚事件归咎于达赖喇嘛,说那些抗议者是在他的煽动下自焚的。达赖喇嘛表示,自焚抗议背后的原因是中国对西藏的压制和文化灭绝政策。
著名的藏族博客作者唯色在文章中说,四川省佛教协会副会长、“活佛”甲登说“自杀是非常重的杀戒,任何理由的自残行为都有悖人性,连续的僧人自焚事件引起了社会各界的不解和反感。”
唯色说,十位僧尼俗藏人作出的牺牲同四十八年前自焚的越南僧人释广德一样,都是伟大的殉道者。她说这些藏人抗议者自焚旨在警醒压迫者,唤起世界的关注。“毫无人性的是专制者、是恶政府,是他们点燃了修行僧侣与寻常百姓身上的熊熊火焰!”
相互指责
藏族抗议者是否不得不点燃自己?接连发生的自焚抗议是否会因模仿效应而扩散,西藏问题会因此如何演变?英国西敏寺大学的国际关系学者阿南德分析认为,面对年轻藏人采取自我牺牲的方式抗议,中国当局和西藏流亡领导人互相指责,都没有直面目前的危机,无助于防治更多的藏人采取自我牺牲的方式抗议。
阿南德认为,国际社会为眼前的经济危机困扰,西方社会因为西亚和北非的政治动荡被指责在人权纪录和民主问题上实行双重标准,中国藏区藏人付出巨大生命代价的抗议,使改变西藏处境的前景不容乐观,因为已经没有一个国家有足够的实力能够在西藏问题上对中国进行有效的干预。
他认为新总理桑盖领导下的西藏流亡政府应该作出更多努力防止更多自焚事件发生,但实际上他们的所作所为似乎在效果上鼓励了中国境内的西藏年轻人自我牺牲。阿南德说,藏人自焚抗议可能会被中国当局利用,借此把西藏人的抗议渲染成非理性的宗教狂热。
精英与草根
达赖喇嘛过去一直谴责自焚抗议这种做法。但有分析认为,达赖喇嘛在90年代初在印度藏人绝食抗议期间表达过不同看法,但是受到许多流亡藏人反对,因为他们认为达赖喇嘛的意见的影响力太大,所以自那以后达赖喇嘛变得小心谨慎。
还有流亡藏人说,不能像阿南德那样,在分析中过于侧重西藏政治中的二元结构,也就是中国当局和西藏流亡政府的博弈,但忽视了中国境内藏区的草根运动。他们认为自下而上的基层抗议可能是西藏政治的新趋势。但也有人担心这种来自基层的推动令西藏抗议运动更难以预料。
关注西藏问题的中国作家王力雄也多次从另外一面表示过类似的担心,即中国民族主义一旦在专制放松的情况下肆意发展,民众可能以一哄而起的方式裹挟权力,即所谓的“民主进行专制”。
在这种精英被动地受大众左右的情况下,中国民族问题的解决会变得更难,在中国民族人口悬殊的现实当中,民族问题的解决可能会被诉诸大规模流血的方式。
中国藏区多起藏人自焚抗议在海外流亡藏人社区引发强烈反响
1963年6月11日在西贡街头,美国记者大卫亲历越南僧人释广德自焚的全过程,他后来这样描写自己的心灵震撼:
“一个活人的身体中喷射着火焰,他的皮肤慢慢开始发泡并且起皱,他的头被烧黑并慢慢炭化。空气中弥漫着人肉燃烧的气味;我从未想过人的身体是如此易燃。在我的身后,我听到越南民众开始聚集起来并且小声地哭泣。我本人被震惊到连哭都哭不出来,头脑中一片混乱到连采访和用笔记录都做不到,连脑子都已经无法思考了……在他燃烧的过程中,他没有抽动过一块肌肉,没有发出一点喊叫,他本人出奇地镇静,和他周围哀号的民众形成了鲜明的对比。”
释广德自焚抗议美国支持的南越政府在战争期间的暴行震惊了世界。最近发生的一系列藏人自焚抗议事件也产生震撼效果,激起强烈的感情反应,增加了报道以及试图做客观评论和分析的难度。
为什么自焚?
今年3月以来,11名在中国的藏人自焚,其中6人已经死亡。中国当局把自焚事件归咎于达赖喇嘛,说那些抗议者是在他的煽动下自焚的。达赖喇嘛表示,自焚抗议背后的原因是中国对西藏的压制和文化灭绝政策。
著名的藏族博客作者唯色在文章中说,四川省佛教协会副会长、“活佛”甲登说“自杀是非常重的杀戒,任何理由的自残行为都有悖人性,连续的僧人自焚事件引起了社会各界的不解和反感。”
唯色说,十位僧尼俗藏人作出的牺牲同四十八年前自焚的越南僧人释广德一样,都是伟大的殉道者。她说这些藏人抗议者自焚旨在警醒压迫者,唤起世界的关注。“毫无人性的是专制者、是恶政府,是他们点燃了修行僧侣与寻常百姓身上的熊熊火焰!”
相互指责
藏族抗议者是否不得不点燃自己?接连发生的自焚抗议是否会因模仿效应而扩散,西藏问题会因此如何演变?英国西敏寺大学的国际关系学者阿南德分析认为,面对年轻藏人采取自我牺牲的方式抗议,中国当局和西藏流亡领导人互相指责,都没有直面目前的危机,无助于防治更多的藏人采取自我牺牲的方式抗议。
阿南德认为,国际社会为眼前的经济危机困扰,西方社会因为西亚和北非的政治动荡被指责在人权纪录和民主问题上实行双重标准,中国藏区藏人付出巨大生命代价的抗议,使改变西藏处境的前景不容乐观,因为已经没有一个国家有足够的实力能够在西藏问题上对中国进行有效的干预。
他认为新总理桑盖领导下的西藏流亡政府应该作出更多努力防止更多自焚事件发生,但实际上他们的所作所为似乎在效果上鼓励了中国境内的西藏年轻人自我牺牲。阿南德说,藏人自焚抗议可能会被中国当局利用,借此把西藏人的抗议渲染成非理性的宗教狂热。
精英与草根
达赖喇嘛过去一直谴责自焚抗议这种做法。但有分析认为,达赖喇嘛在90年代初在印度藏人绝食抗议期间表达过不同看法,但是受到许多流亡藏人反对,因为他们认为达赖喇嘛的意见的影响力太大,所以自那以后达赖喇嘛变得小心谨慎。
还有流亡藏人说,不能像阿南德那样,在分析中过于侧重西藏政治中的二元结构,也就是中国当局和西藏流亡政府的博弈,但忽视了中国境内藏区的草根运动。他们认为自下而上的基层抗议可能是西藏政治的新趋势。但也有人担心这种来自基层的推动令西藏抗议运动更难以预料。
关注西藏问题的中国作家王力雄也多次从另外一面表示过类似的担心,即中国民族主义一旦在专制放松的情况下肆意发展,民众可能以一哄而起的方式裹挟权力,即所谓的“民主进行专制”。
在这种精英被动地受大众左右的情况下,中国民族问题的解决会变得更难,在中国民族人口悬殊的现实当中,民族问题的解决可能会被诉诸大规模流血的方式。
Thursday, 3 November 2011
一哲:艾未未就是个刁民典型
艾未未,洪晃,北京大宅院
刚看了艾未未的母亲为救儿子要抵押四合院的消息,说是艾未未的母亲高瑛及弟弟艾丹愿抵押目前在北京居住的四合院式平房,即艾未未父亲艾青生前的最后居所,提供约 845万元作为申请行政复议的担保。
此前艾未未收到北京市地税局通知,追收他任职的“发课公司”偷漏税和罚款合共 1,522万元人民币。“发课公司”,英文的意思就是“操公司”,从事艾未未那种“我操你,祖国”之类的艺术活动。
说到北京的老四合院,还有另外一位也是重量级的捍卫私人利益的斗士,那就是洪晃,章含之的闺女,章士钊的外孙女。洪晃好像是今年才从史家胡同51号的大宅门中搬出去。洪晃在北京黄金地段国家分给章士钊的大宅院住了30年(是按市场价交房租了?)。
史家胡同51号的章士钊的故居是两进四合院。报道上说,史家胡同51号原是章士钊解放后在北京的住宅,章士钊入住之时,认为房屋太多,一家人住不了,遂将第三进院分出,在内务部街南侧另辟街门,形成独立院落。我在奥运会期间曾经去过那里,当时那里已经是全国妇联的高级宾馆,也是两进四合院,约摸有10个高级套房。可能洪晃住的是分开的另外一个四合院(?)。
洪晃自己在微博上说,对于史家胡同51号的房子怀有深厚的感情(没有才怪呢)。她还上透露,我妈章含之曾经问她要不要把那里办成个故居。估计故居是继续占有的另外一种形式,但洪晃似乎没有那么办。按照她自己的说法,是“为了一个房子上蹿下跳,求爷爷告奶奶,人的生命比这个要值钱。但是心里还是难受的,毕竟住了五十几年,所有的记忆都在里面。”
估计洪晃自己也清楚,单凭在公房里住了多少年,有多少记忆,有多少感情,就把公产据为私有,理由不够过硬。不过她终究还是因为腾房跟外交部打了官司,最后索要了几十万元,说是多少年来花在四合院上的维修款(真不知道按照市场价,她应该交给外交部多少房租?)。洪晃还是把自己整得跟艾未未似的,好像都成了国家权力的受害者。
面对1500万的偷税漏税罚款,艾未未避实就虚,也把自己说成是公权力的受害者。他在 海外社交网站(twitter)上说:“滥用公权实施报复,不择手段的消除异己,失踪、秘密关押、刑罚,公安、税务、外交、新华社连手栽赃诬陷,蔑视伦理和司法公正。这足以让人恐惧,但真正让人绝望的是他们对自我、对世界的认识成为我们今天的现实。”(汉语透出英文味儿)
别人面对国家追缴税务用这条理由应付未必灵验,可艾未未就不同,因为他背后有西方媒体和政治舆论的支持。艾未未在纽约学了多少艺术不得而知,但从其对西方舆论媒体市场准确把握看,他在美国把政治公关学得不错。不过话说回来,现在要把某些行为艺术和政治公关分开也不容易。
国家向艾未未追讨巨额偷税漏税款,被艾未未整成“政府有的是权势,我们有的是公理”。艾妈妈说,“未未对我的决定很支持、很感动,我们全家上下一条心,无所畏惧,他们对未未的指控完全是胡说八道。”原谅咱是艺术门外汉,如果偷税漏税也是行为艺术的一种,说不定真理还真在艾家一边!
再回到前面艾妈妈的四合院。报道上说,艾青与高瑛夫妇在 1990年入在东四十三条胡同的四合院(和史家胡同一样,都是北京的黄金地段)。香港的报纸报道说:“艾青 1955年原在北京火车站附近买入一平房, 1990年因该区重建,便以屋换屋方式迁到现址。胡同口还有金色牌匾介绍 97号是艾青故居。”
艾妈妈高瑛对香港报纸说,“这房子的价值肯定不只这数字,如果当局还嫌不够,存心为难我们一家,我只好拍卖房子,拖着行李去天安门广场睡好了!”
问题是,1955年艾青是否拥有平房的产权?还是像章士钊一样,住进的是公房?这个重要的事实不像报纸报道那么简单,香港记者未必搞得清楚。这关系到艾未未家抵押四合院,为艾未未担保 845万是否成立。弄不好,又是一起拿国家资产向国家抵押欺诈连环套。
再一个问题是,去天安门广场睡觉,如果不符合中国的法律,你决心“拖着行李去天安门广场睡”,是不是就成了像美国“占领华尔街”那样的抗议活动?要是抗议的话,那卖房抵押是不是就成了敲诈?
中国的事情咱不清楚,反正在英美这样的国家,占领公共广场抗议,当局是要根据法律和法庭判决予以驱逐的。美国警察已经在使用血腥暴力驱赶抗议者了。
p.s. 咱觉得艾未未这类人,就是刁民的典型。在中国,污吏和刁民可以说是矛盾的一对。像鸡生蛋,或蛋生鸡的问题一样,很难说是贪官污吏造就了刁民,还是有刁民当中产生了贪官污吏。因此解决这种系统的问题,需要系统的解决办法,需要两手都硬,一手整顿官吏,另一手要严惩刁民。
艾未未的粉丝,除了有意捣蛋的,其他人都是因为没有分清楚刁民和维权的区别。咱对公民维权是赞成的,但必须把打维权旗号、混水摸鱼的刁民剔除出去,否则什么也干不成。艾未未就是这么一个混蛋,貌似一个浑不吝的牛二,其实他心里的政治大算盘,经济小算盘打得很细。
刚看了艾未未的母亲为救儿子要抵押四合院的消息,说是艾未未的母亲高瑛及弟弟艾丹愿抵押目前在北京居住的四合院式平房,即艾未未父亲艾青生前的最后居所,提供约 845万元作为申请行政复议的担保。
此前艾未未收到北京市地税局通知,追收他任职的“发课公司”偷漏税和罚款合共 1,522万元人民币。“发课公司”,英文的意思就是“操公司”,从事艾未未那种“我操你,祖国”之类的艺术活动。
说到北京的老四合院,还有另外一位也是重量级的捍卫私人利益的斗士,那就是洪晃,章含之的闺女,章士钊的外孙女。洪晃好像是今年才从史家胡同51号的大宅门中搬出去。洪晃在北京黄金地段国家分给章士钊的大宅院住了30年(是按市场价交房租了?)。
史家胡同51号的章士钊的故居是两进四合院。报道上说,史家胡同51号原是章士钊解放后在北京的住宅,章士钊入住之时,认为房屋太多,一家人住不了,遂将第三进院分出,在内务部街南侧另辟街门,形成独立院落。我在奥运会期间曾经去过那里,当时那里已经是全国妇联的高级宾馆,也是两进四合院,约摸有10个高级套房。可能洪晃住的是分开的另外一个四合院(?)。
洪晃自己在微博上说,对于史家胡同51号的房子怀有深厚的感情(没有才怪呢)。她还上透露,我妈章含之曾经问她要不要把那里办成个故居。估计故居是继续占有的另外一种形式,但洪晃似乎没有那么办。按照她自己的说法,是“为了一个房子上蹿下跳,求爷爷告奶奶,人的生命比这个要值钱。但是心里还是难受的,毕竟住了五十几年,所有的记忆都在里面。”
估计洪晃自己也清楚,单凭在公房里住了多少年,有多少记忆,有多少感情,就把公产据为私有,理由不够过硬。不过她终究还是因为腾房跟外交部打了官司,最后索要了几十万元,说是多少年来花在四合院上的维修款(真不知道按照市场价,她应该交给外交部多少房租?)。洪晃还是把自己整得跟艾未未似的,好像都成了国家权力的受害者。
面对1500万的偷税漏税罚款,艾未未避实就虚,也把自己说成是公权力的受害者。他在 海外社交网站(twitter)上说:“滥用公权实施报复,不择手段的消除异己,失踪、秘密关押、刑罚,公安、税务、外交、新华社连手栽赃诬陷,蔑视伦理和司法公正。这足以让人恐惧,但真正让人绝望的是他们对自我、对世界的认识成为我们今天的现实。”(汉语透出英文味儿)
别人面对国家追缴税务用这条理由应付未必灵验,可艾未未就不同,因为他背后有西方媒体和政治舆论的支持。艾未未在纽约学了多少艺术不得而知,但从其对西方舆论媒体市场准确把握看,他在美国把政治公关学得不错。不过话说回来,现在要把某些行为艺术和政治公关分开也不容易。
国家向艾未未追讨巨额偷税漏税款,被艾未未整成“政府有的是权势,我们有的是公理”。艾妈妈说,“未未对我的决定很支持、很感动,我们全家上下一条心,无所畏惧,他们对未未的指控完全是胡说八道。”原谅咱是艺术门外汉,如果偷税漏税也是行为艺术的一种,说不定真理还真在艾家一边!
再回到前面艾妈妈的四合院。报道上说,艾青与高瑛夫妇在 1990年入在东四十三条胡同的四合院(和史家胡同一样,都是北京的黄金地段)。香港的报纸报道说:“艾青 1955年原在北京火车站附近买入一平房, 1990年因该区重建,便以屋换屋方式迁到现址。胡同口还有金色牌匾介绍 97号是艾青故居。”
艾妈妈高瑛对香港报纸说,“这房子的价值肯定不只这数字,如果当局还嫌不够,存心为难我们一家,我只好拍卖房子,拖着行李去天安门广场睡好了!”
问题是,1955年艾青是否拥有平房的产权?还是像章士钊一样,住进的是公房?这个重要的事实不像报纸报道那么简单,香港记者未必搞得清楚。这关系到艾未未家抵押四合院,为艾未未担保 845万是否成立。弄不好,又是一起拿国家资产向国家抵押欺诈连环套。
再一个问题是,去天安门广场睡觉,如果不符合中国的法律,你决心“拖着行李去天安门广场睡”,是不是就成了像美国“占领华尔街”那样的抗议活动?要是抗议的话,那卖房抵押是不是就成了敲诈?
中国的事情咱不清楚,反正在英美这样的国家,占领公共广场抗议,当局是要根据法律和法庭判决予以驱逐的。美国警察已经在使用血腥暴力驱赶抗议者了。
p.s. 咱觉得艾未未这类人,就是刁民的典型。在中国,污吏和刁民可以说是矛盾的一对。像鸡生蛋,或蛋生鸡的问题一样,很难说是贪官污吏造就了刁民,还是有刁民当中产生了贪官污吏。因此解决这种系统的问题,需要系统的解决办法,需要两手都硬,一手整顿官吏,另一手要严惩刁民。
艾未未的粉丝,除了有意捣蛋的,其他人都是因为没有分清楚刁民和维权的区别。咱对公民维权是赞成的,但必须把打维权旗号、混水摸鱼的刁民剔除出去,否则什么也干不成。艾未未就是这么一个混蛋,貌似一个浑不吝的牛二,其实他心里的政治大算盘,经济小算盘打得很细。
Wednesday, 2 November 2011
今天A20封路,堵车,再现摩托车的优越性
下令时结束,15.30下班,这样回家路上避开了高峰期,顺畅多了。今天过LEWSHAM,到A20的转盘,警察不知何故封路。不得已绕道ETHAM商业街,然后经ETHAM PALACE一路,再上A20。这一路都堵车,一路骑车穿行,再上A20。看着长时间停滞爬行,一路骑车穿越,好不惬意。骑车的优越性在于自由,而且不受交通堵塞的影响。今天的情况,特别体现骑车的好处,给我带来的享受,不亚于一顿美味,一曲优美的乐曲。
Monday, 31 October 2011
邓力群:中国当代最“精准”的预言家
邓力群预言中国遍地是贪官、到处是妓女,性病...
邓小平在80年代中央理论务虚会上有过这样一番讲话:
邓力群同志做了一个梦:他说他梦到中国遍地是贪官。胡扯!我们的干部都是共产党人,是我们亲手提拔的,即使有点官僚主义,也到不了贪官的份上,再说,还有公检法么。如果真是那样,我们的改革就出了问题了。
他还说:梦到了中国会有资产阶级。不可能!我们49年就消灭了资产阶级,搞社会主义建设,怎么会有资产阶级呢?阶级斗争还没有搞完?文革思想!我们应该让一部份人先富起来,他们会去帮助落后的人们,最后达到共同富裕。咱们孩子们都是从小受共产主义教育的,他们会去帮助别人的。我放心!
邓力群同志还梦到:中国有了黑社会。荒唐!香港,台湾才会有呢。我们消灭黑社会31年了,中国现在不会有,将来富裕了也不会有。否则,我们的改革真就出了问题了。
邓力群同志还梦到:有钱人杀人,逍遥法外,穷人有苦无处诉。共产党员脱离群众。不可能!我们党在文革中才会脱离群众,现在改革了,党的工作会越来越好,共产党员离群众会越来越近的。实践会检验这点的。
邓力群同志又梦到:工人失业了,下岗了。资本家回来了搞剥削。农民没有地种。人民受二茬罪。这不荒唐吗。我们现在的工作是太多,还怕工人不够呢。粮食都不够,农民怎么没有地种呢?要是真这样,我们的改革就走上邪路了。
最可笑的是邓力群同志还梦到:中国到处是妓女,性病,穷人把女儿送进地狱。我看,邓力群同志太过分了。我不会连蒋介石都不如吧。共产党早就消灭性病了。主席,总理虽然不在了,可是我还在,陈云在,这么多老同志还在,难到说无数先烈换来的社会主义会葬送在我们手里吗?实践会检验真理。说什么也没有用,如果改革改掉了社会主义,我邓小平就是历史的罪人。
历史的实践验证:
邓力群的预言真伟大啊!邓力群不愧为当代最伟大的预言家!!
注:邓小平这个讲话虽然篇幅很短,却是一份包括所有重大历史问题的重要文件。
其一,邓小平这个讲话极其深刻地概括了文革时代,是一个官员“事事要看群众脸色的时代”,这个概括极其准确,是30年来对文革性质最为准确最为深刻的历史概括。连邓小平这个级别的官员都要“事事看群众脸色”,一般官员更是可想而知。所以当邓小平上台后宣布永远不搞群众运动时,中国广大官员和文化精英激动得热泪横流,对邓小平爱到了极处,同时也对群众运动恨到了极处,中国老百姓的历史祸根便从此开始生根发芽,最终成长为遮天蔽日的残暴大树。
其二,邓小平这个讲话以他和刘少奇的实际遭遇,展示了文革灭绝人性的残酷迫害,就是“虽然还有车,有秘书,有厨房,但是没有工作了”。文革结束后,这种灭绝人性的残酷迫害便随之消失,后来被打倒的江青也就幸运地躲过了此类残酷迫害,十分幸福地死在了监狱里。所以30年来中国改革精英一直咒骂江青野蛮专制,歌颂邓小平文明民主。
其三,邓小平这个讲话揭示了中国改革是砍腿卖拐的“致错改革”,即先砍断你的大腿,再卖给你双拐,你就不得不买,并且买后还会如同范伟那样感谢赵本山。中国改革第一步是全面恢复苏联官僚体制,彻底铲除毛泽东的社会主义体制;由于僵化保守的官僚特权体制根本无法正常运行,自然便形成了全面引进西方资本主义的第二步改革要求。我们在《738亿,挑战和谐社会的惊天大案》等文章中,专门分析了如何把国有企业弄到半死不活地步然后再加以侵吞的改革四个阶段,有兴趣的读者不妨看一看。把原本一个好端端的事物弄得弊端丛生、难以为继,然后再以改革的名义据为己有,是中国改革最终沦为抢劫的重要原因。通钢工人阶级的愤怒就是由此形成的。
其四,邓小平这个讲话说如果改革改掉了社会主义,他就是历史的罪人。为了不让邓小平成为历史罪人,于是社会主义便失去了固定含义,无论做什么和怎么做,都是社会主义。中央党校那几个教授天天撇着嘴斜着眼地与社会叫板:“哼,虽然我们说不出什么是社会主义,但是从小平同志那里,我们对什么是社会主义以及怎样建设社会主义,有了全新的理解”这个故作禅机的胡言乱语,已成为中央党校教授的经典语言。
这是我们粗略看到的邓小平讲话中所包含的四个重大理论和实际问题,相信大家能够从中发现更多重大理论和实际问题。下面是邓小平讲话全文。
邓小平在80年代中央理论务虚会上的讲话(全文)
来的都是老同志啊。文革十年大家受苦了。已经平反的同志们要努力工作,还没有平反的同志再等待一下,耀邦同志正在做这件工作。同志们再耐心等待一下,再过几年,情况就更好了。象过去那样,大家无法正常工作,事事看群众脸色的时代过去了。造反派们要镇压,有一个,抓一个。留着捣乱。今天我讲两个问题:文革和改革。
毛主席搞的文革从理论到实践都是错的。大家都是过来人,亲身体会了。
我和少奇,66年被打倒。虽然还有车,有秘书,有厨房,但是没有工作了。群众开批判会,做检讨。我是50岁的人了,革命了一辈子。我革命的时候,王洪文还没出生呢。更重要的是,无法保护好我们的子女了。大家都知道,我的儿子在北大摔断了腿。他毛泽东的儿子虽然死在朝鲜战场,我的儿子也是文革中光荣负伤。剑英同志跟我说,再不把四人帮抓起来,我们无法过好晚年了。对啊。我们要彻底否定文革,没有人会不同意的。
毛主席发动文革是从反修防修角度出发的,用意是好的,但多余。少奇同志和我什么时候说要搞资本主义了?“造不如买,买不如租”也好,奖金鼓励也好,是为了建设社会主义。我们搞的,永远不会把中国引上资本主义道路。只会让中国在社会主义的道路上蒸蒸日上。我说没有用,实践会检验的。少奇曾跟我说:“如果我的路线真的把中国带上资本主义道路,群众斗垮了我,我都认了。”
我们打了那么多仗,无数先烈的鲜血换来了今天。多少同志们都是高喊共产主义万岁牺牲的。我的一个战士牺牲时跟我说:“邓政委,一定要实现共产主义!” 我说:“你放心,我一定要让中国富裕起来。”74年,评《水浒》,江青在政治局讲:“你邓小平就是宋江。毛主席带领我们革命反对帝国主义,你会等主席百年以后投降帝国主义。”胡说!我不会!如果有一天,我们抛弃第三世界朋友,和帝国主义同流合污,我们的改革就上了邪路了。如果有一天帝国主义往我们头上扔炸弹,我们的改革就上了邪路了。如果有一天帝国主义在我们的领土上胡作非为,我们的改革就上了邪路了。如果有一天美国人背弃上海公报,重新支持台湾,我们的政策就出问题了。但是这一切都不会发生,实践会检验的。
改革才是出路,分成两步走。
第一,回到56年八大的路线上来,也就是我和少奇同志代表的路线。
第二,向世界开放,欢迎外国人来投资。有人怕这怕那,杞人忧天嘛。有少奇同志的书在,有我人在,不会出问题的。
有一个同志做了一个梦:他说他梦到中国遍地是贪官。胡扯!我们的干部都是共产党人,是我们亲手提拔的,即使有点官僚主义,也到不了贪官的份上,再说,还有公检法么。如果真是那样,我们的改革就出了问题了。
他还说:梦到了中国会有资产阶级。不能!我们49年就消灭了资产阶级,搞社会主义建设,怎么会有资产阶级呢?阶级斗争还没有搞完?文革思想!
我们应该让一部份人先富起来,他们会去帮助落后的人们,最后达到共同富裕。咱们孩子们都是从小受共产主义教育的,他们会去帮助别人的。我放心!
那个同志还梦到:中国有了黑社会。荒唐!香港,台湾才会有呢。我们消灭黑社会31年了,中国现在不会有,将来富裕了也不会有。否则,我们的改革真就出了问题了。
那个同志还梦到:有钱人杀人,逍遥法外,穷人有苦无处诉。共产党员脱离群众。不可能!我们党在文革中才会脱离群众,现在改革了,党的工作会越来越好,共产党员离群众会越来越近的。实践会检验这点的。
那个同志又梦到:工人失业了,下岗了。资本家回来了搞剥削。农民没有地种。人民受二茬罪。这不荒唐吗。我们现在的工作是太多,还怕工人不够呢。粮食都不够,农民怎么没有地种呢?要是真这样,我们的改革就走上邪路了。
最可笑的是那个同志还梦到:中国到处是妓女,性病,穷人把女儿送进地狱。我看,他太过分了。我不会连蒋介石都不如吧。共产党早就消灭性病了。主席,总理虽然不在了,可是我还在,陈云在,这么多老同志还在,难到说无数先烈换来的社会主义会葬送在我们手里吗?
实践会检验真理。说什么也没有用,如果改革改掉了社会主义,我就是历史的罪人!
邓小平在80年代中央理论务虚会上有过这样一番讲话:
邓力群同志做了一个梦:他说他梦到中国遍地是贪官。胡扯!我们的干部都是共产党人,是我们亲手提拔的,即使有点官僚主义,也到不了贪官的份上,再说,还有公检法么。如果真是那样,我们的改革就出了问题了。
他还说:梦到了中国会有资产阶级。不可能!我们49年就消灭了资产阶级,搞社会主义建设,怎么会有资产阶级呢?阶级斗争还没有搞完?文革思想!我们应该让一部份人先富起来,他们会去帮助落后的人们,最后达到共同富裕。咱们孩子们都是从小受共产主义教育的,他们会去帮助别人的。我放心!
邓力群同志还梦到:中国有了黑社会。荒唐!香港,台湾才会有呢。我们消灭黑社会31年了,中国现在不会有,将来富裕了也不会有。否则,我们的改革真就出了问题了。
邓力群同志还梦到:有钱人杀人,逍遥法外,穷人有苦无处诉。共产党员脱离群众。不可能!我们党在文革中才会脱离群众,现在改革了,党的工作会越来越好,共产党员离群众会越来越近的。实践会检验这点的。
邓力群同志又梦到:工人失业了,下岗了。资本家回来了搞剥削。农民没有地种。人民受二茬罪。这不荒唐吗。我们现在的工作是太多,还怕工人不够呢。粮食都不够,农民怎么没有地种呢?要是真这样,我们的改革就走上邪路了。
最可笑的是邓力群同志还梦到:中国到处是妓女,性病,穷人把女儿送进地狱。我看,邓力群同志太过分了。我不会连蒋介石都不如吧。共产党早就消灭性病了。主席,总理虽然不在了,可是我还在,陈云在,这么多老同志还在,难到说无数先烈换来的社会主义会葬送在我们手里吗?实践会检验真理。说什么也没有用,如果改革改掉了社会主义,我邓小平就是历史的罪人。
历史的实践验证:
邓力群的预言真伟大啊!邓力群不愧为当代最伟大的预言家!!
注:邓小平这个讲话虽然篇幅很短,却是一份包括所有重大历史问题的重要文件。
其一,邓小平这个讲话极其深刻地概括了文革时代,是一个官员“事事要看群众脸色的时代”,这个概括极其准确,是30年来对文革性质最为准确最为深刻的历史概括。连邓小平这个级别的官员都要“事事看群众脸色”,一般官员更是可想而知。所以当邓小平上台后宣布永远不搞群众运动时,中国广大官员和文化精英激动得热泪横流,对邓小平爱到了极处,同时也对群众运动恨到了极处,中国老百姓的历史祸根便从此开始生根发芽,最终成长为遮天蔽日的残暴大树。
其二,邓小平这个讲话以他和刘少奇的实际遭遇,展示了文革灭绝人性的残酷迫害,就是“虽然还有车,有秘书,有厨房,但是没有工作了”。文革结束后,这种灭绝人性的残酷迫害便随之消失,后来被打倒的江青也就幸运地躲过了此类残酷迫害,十分幸福地死在了监狱里。所以30年来中国改革精英一直咒骂江青野蛮专制,歌颂邓小平文明民主。
其三,邓小平这个讲话揭示了中国改革是砍腿卖拐的“致错改革”,即先砍断你的大腿,再卖给你双拐,你就不得不买,并且买后还会如同范伟那样感谢赵本山。中国改革第一步是全面恢复苏联官僚体制,彻底铲除毛泽东的社会主义体制;由于僵化保守的官僚特权体制根本无法正常运行,自然便形成了全面引进西方资本主义的第二步改革要求。我们在《738亿,挑战和谐社会的惊天大案》等文章中,专门分析了如何把国有企业弄到半死不活地步然后再加以侵吞的改革四个阶段,有兴趣的读者不妨看一看。把原本一个好端端的事物弄得弊端丛生、难以为继,然后再以改革的名义据为己有,是中国改革最终沦为抢劫的重要原因。通钢工人阶级的愤怒就是由此形成的。
其四,邓小平这个讲话说如果改革改掉了社会主义,他就是历史的罪人。为了不让邓小平成为历史罪人,于是社会主义便失去了固定含义,无论做什么和怎么做,都是社会主义。中央党校那几个教授天天撇着嘴斜着眼地与社会叫板:“哼,虽然我们说不出什么是社会主义,但是从小平同志那里,我们对什么是社会主义以及怎样建设社会主义,有了全新的理解”这个故作禅机的胡言乱语,已成为中央党校教授的经典语言。
这是我们粗略看到的邓小平讲话中所包含的四个重大理论和实际问题,相信大家能够从中发现更多重大理论和实际问题。下面是邓小平讲话全文。
邓小平在80年代中央理论务虚会上的讲话(全文)
来的都是老同志啊。文革十年大家受苦了。已经平反的同志们要努力工作,还没有平反的同志再等待一下,耀邦同志正在做这件工作。同志们再耐心等待一下,再过几年,情况就更好了。象过去那样,大家无法正常工作,事事看群众脸色的时代过去了。造反派们要镇压,有一个,抓一个。留着捣乱。今天我讲两个问题:文革和改革。
毛主席搞的文革从理论到实践都是错的。大家都是过来人,亲身体会了。
我和少奇,66年被打倒。虽然还有车,有秘书,有厨房,但是没有工作了。群众开批判会,做检讨。我是50岁的人了,革命了一辈子。我革命的时候,王洪文还没出生呢。更重要的是,无法保护好我们的子女了。大家都知道,我的儿子在北大摔断了腿。他毛泽东的儿子虽然死在朝鲜战场,我的儿子也是文革中光荣负伤。剑英同志跟我说,再不把四人帮抓起来,我们无法过好晚年了。对啊。我们要彻底否定文革,没有人会不同意的。
毛主席发动文革是从反修防修角度出发的,用意是好的,但多余。少奇同志和我什么时候说要搞资本主义了?“造不如买,买不如租”也好,奖金鼓励也好,是为了建设社会主义。我们搞的,永远不会把中国引上资本主义道路。只会让中国在社会主义的道路上蒸蒸日上。我说没有用,实践会检验的。少奇曾跟我说:“如果我的路线真的把中国带上资本主义道路,群众斗垮了我,我都认了。”
我们打了那么多仗,无数先烈的鲜血换来了今天。多少同志们都是高喊共产主义万岁牺牲的。我的一个战士牺牲时跟我说:“邓政委,一定要实现共产主义!” 我说:“你放心,我一定要让中国富裕起来。”74年,评《水浒》,江青在政治局讲:“你邓小平就是宋江。毛主席带领我们革命反对帝国主义,你会等主席百年以后投降帝国主义。”胡说!我不会!如果有一天,我们抛弃第三世界朋友,和帝国主义同流合污,我们的改革就上了邪路了。如果有一天帝国主义往我们头上扔炸弹,我们的改革就上了邪路了。如果有一天帝国主义在我们的领土上胡作非为,我们的改革就上了邪路了。如果有一天美国人背弃上海公报,重新支持台湾,我们的政策就出问题了。但是这一切都不会发生,实践会检验的。
改革才是出路,分成两步走。
第一,回到56年八大的路线上来,也就是我和少奇同志代表的路线。
第二,向世界开放,欢迎外国人来投资。有人怕这怕那,杞人忧天嘛。有少奇同志的书在,有我人在,不会出问题的。
有一个同志做了一个梦:他说他梦到中国遍地是贪官。胡扯!我们的干部都是共产党人,是我们亲手提拔的,即使有点官僚主义,也到不了贪官的份上,再说,还有公检法么。如果真是那样,我们的改革就出了问题了。
他还说:梦到了中国会有资产阶级。不能!我们49年就消灭了资产阶级,搞社会主义建设,怎么会有资产阶级呢?阶级斗争还没有搞完?文革思想!
我们应该让一部份人先富起来,他们会去帮助落后的人们,最后达到共同富裕。咱们孩子们都是从小受共产主义教育的,他们会去帮助别人的。我放心!
那个同志还梦到:中国有了黑社会。荒唐!香港,台湾才会有呢。我们消灭黑社会31年了,中国现在不会有,将来富裕了也不会有。否则,我们的改革真就出了问题了。
那个同志还梦到:有钱人杀人,逍遥法外,穷人有苦无处诉。共产党员脱离群众。不可能!我们党在文革中才会脱离群众,现在改革了,党的工作会越来越好,共产党员离群众会越来越近的。实践会检验这点的。
那个同志又梦到:工人失业了,下岗了。资本家回来了搞剥削。农民没有地种。人民受二茬罪。这不荒唐吗。我们现在的工作是太多,还怕工人不够呢。粮食都不够,农民怎么没有地种呢?要是真这样,我们的改革就走上邪路了。
最可笑的是那个同志还梦到:中国到处是妓女,性病,穷人把女儿送进地狱。我看,他太过分了。我不会连蒋介石都不如吧。共产党早就消灭性病了。主席,总理虽然不在了,可是我还在,陈云在,这么多老同志还在,难到说无数先烈换来的社会主义会葬送在我们手里吗?
实践会检验真理。说什么也没有用,如果改革改掉了社会主义,我就是历史的罪人!
The Lies Behind the West's War on Libya
The Lies Behind the West's War on Libya
By Jean-Paul Pougala
April 21, 2011 "Information Clearing House" -- It was Gaddafi’s Libya that offered all of Africa its first revolution in modern times – connecting the entire continent by telephone, television, radio broadcasting and several other technological applications such as telemedicine and distance teaching. And thanks to the WMAX radio bridge, a low cost connection was made available across the continent, including in rural areas.
It began in 1992, when 45 African nations established RASCOM (Regional African Satellite Communication Organization) so that Africa would have its own satellite and slash communication costs in the continent. This was a time when phone calls to and from Africa were the most expensive in the world because of the annual US$500 million fee pocketed by Europe for the use of its satellites like Intelsat for phone conversations, including those within the same country.
An African satellite only cost a onetime payment of US$400 million and the continent no longer had to pay a US$500 million annual lease. Which banker wouldn’t finance such a project? But the problem remained – how can slaves, seeking to free themselves from their master’s exploitation ask the master’s help to achieve that freedom? Not surprisingly, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the USA, Europe only made vague promises for 14 years. Gaddafi put an end to these futile pleas to the western ‘benefactors’ with their exorbitant interest rates. The Libyan guide put US$300 million on the table; the African Development Bank added US$50 million more and the West African Development Bank a further US$27 million – and that’s how Africa got its first communications satellite on 26 December 2007.
China and Russia followed suit and shared their technology and helped launch satellites for South Africa, Nigeria, Angola, Algeria and a second African satellite was launched in July 2010. The first totally indigenously built satellite and manufactured on African soil, in Algeria, is set for 2020. This satellite is aimed at competing with the best in the world, but at ten times less the cost, a real challenge.
This is how a symbolic gesture of a mere US$300 million changed the life of an entire continent. Gaddafi’s Libya cost the West, not just depriving it of US$500 million per year but the billions of dollars in debt and interest that the initial loan would generate for years to come and in an exponential manner, thereby helping maintain an occult system in order to plunder the continent.
African Monetary Fund, African Central Bank, African Investment Bank
The US$30 billion frozen by Mr Obama belong to the Libyan Central Bank and had been earmarked as the Libyan contribution to three key projects which would add the finishing touches to the African federation – the African
Investment Bank in Syrte, Libya, the establishment in 2011 of the African Monetary Fund to be based in Yaounde with a US$42 billion capital fund and the Abuja-based African Central Bank in Nigeria which when it starts printing African money will ring the death knell for the CFA franc through which Paris has been able to maintain its hold on some African countries for the last fifty years. It is easy to understand the French wrath against Gaddafi.
The African Monetary Fund is expected to totally supplant the African activities of the International Monetary Fund which, with only US$25 billion, was able to bring an entire continent to its knees and make it swallow questionable privatisation like forcing African countries to move from public to private monopolies. No surprise then that on 16-17 December 2010, the Africans unanimously rejected attempts by Western countries to join the African Monetary Fund, saying it was open only to African nations.
It is increasingly obvious that after Libya, the western coalition will go after Algeria, because apart from its huge energy resources, the country has cash reserves of around €150 billion. This is what lures the countries that are bombing Libya and they all have one thing in common – they are practically bankrupt. The USA alone, has a staggering debt of $US14,000 billion, France, Great Britain and Italy each have a US$2,000 billion public deficit compared to less than US$400 billion in public debt for 46 African countries combined.
Inciting spurious wars in Africa in the hope that this will revitalise their economies which are sinking ever more into the doldrums will ultimately hasten the western decline which actually began in 1884 during the notorious Berlin Conference. As the American economist Adam Smith predicted in 1865 when he publicly backed Abraham Lincoln for the abolition of slavery, ‘the economy of any country which relies on the slavery of blacks is destined to descend into hell the day those countries awaken’.
Regional Unity as an Obstacle to the Creation of a United States of Africa
To destabilise and destroy the African union which was veering dangerously (for the West) towards a United States of Africa under the guiding hand of Gaddafi, the European Union first tried, unsuccessfully, to create the Union for the Mediterranean (UPM). North Africa somehow had to be cut off from the rest of Africa, using the old tired racist clichés of the 18th and 19th centuries ,which claimed that Africans of Arab origin were more evolved and civilised than the rest of the continent. This failed because Gaddafi refused to buy into it. He soon understood what game was being played when
only a handful of African countries were invited to join the Mediterranean grouping without informing the African Union but inviting all 27 members of the European Union.
Without the driving force behind the African Federation, the UPM failed even before it began, still-born with Sarkozy as president and Mubarak as vice president. The French foreign minister, Alain Juppe is now attempting to re-launch the idea, banking no doubt on the fall of Gaddafi. What African leaders fail to understand is that as long as the European Union continues to finance the African Union, the status quo will remain, because no real independence. This is why the European Union has encouraged and financed regional groupings in Africa.
It is obvious that the West African Economic Community (ECOWAS), which has an embassy in Brussels and depends for the bulk of its funding on the European Union, is a vociferous opponent to the African federation. That’s why Lincoln fought in the US war of secession because the moment a group of countries come together in a regional political organisation, it weakens the main group. That is what Europe wanted and the Africans have never understood the game plan, creating a plethora of regional groupings, COMESA, UDEAC, SADC, and the Great Maghreb which never saw the light of day thanks to Gaddafi who understood what was happening.
Gaddafi, the African Who Cleansed the Continent from the Humiliation of Apartheid
For most Africans, Gaddafi is a generous man, a humanist, known for his unselfish support for the struggle against the racist regime in South Africa. If he had been an egotist, he wouldn’t have risked the wrath of the West to help the ANC both militarily and financially in the fight against apartheid. This was why Mandela, soon after his release from 27 years in jail, decided to break the UN embargo and travel to Libya on 23 October 1997. For five long years, no plane could touch down in Libya because of the embargo. One needed to take a plane to the Tunisian city of Jerba and continue by road for five hours to reach Ben Gardane, cross the border and continue on a desert road for three hours before reaching Tripoli. The other solution was to go through Malta, and take a night ferry on ill-maintained boats to the Libyan coast. A hellish journey for a whole people, simply to punish one man.
Mandela didn’t mince his words when the former US president Bill Clinton said the visit was an ‘unwelcome’ one – ‘No country can claim to be the policeman of the world and no state can dictate to another what it should do’. He added – ‘Those that yesterday were friends of our enemies have the gall today to tell me not to visit my brother Gaddafi, they are advising us to be ungrateful and forget our friends of the past.’
Indeed, the West still considered the South African racists to be their brothers who needed to be protected. That’s why the members of the ANC, including Nelson Mandela, were considered to be dangerous terrorists. It was only on 2 July 2008, that the US Congress finally voted a law to remove the name of Nelson Mandela and his ANC comrades from their black list, not because they realised how stupid that list was but because they wanted to mark Mandela’s 90th birthday. If the West was truly sorry for its past support for Mandela’s enemies and really sincere when they name streets and places after him, how can they continue to wage war against someone who helped Mandela and his people to be victorious, Gaddafi?
Are Those Who Want to Export Democracy Themselves Democrats?
And what if Gaddafi’s Libya were more democratic than the USA, France, Britain and other countries waging war to export democracy to Libya? On 19 March 2003, President George Bush began bombing Iraq under the pretext of bringing democracy. On 19 March 2011, exactly eight years later to the day, it was the French president’s turn to rain down bombs over Libya, once again claiming it was to bring democracy. Nobel peace prize-winner and US President Obama says unleashing cruise missiles from submarines is to oust the dictator and introduce democracy.
The question that anyone with even minimum intelligence cannot help asking is the following: Are countries like France, England, the USA, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Poland who defend their right to bomb Libya on the strength of their self proclaimed democratic status really democratic? If yes, are they more democratic than Gaddafi’s Libya? The answer in fact is a resounding NO, for the plain and simple reason that democracy doesn’t exist. This isn’t a personal opinion, but a quote from someone whose native town Geneva, hosts the bulk of UN institutions. The quote is from Jean Jacques Rousseau, born in Geneva in 1712 and who writes in chapter four of the third book of the famous Social Contract that ‘there never was a true democracy and there never will be.’
Rousseau sets out the following four conditions for a country to be labelled a democracy and according to these Gaddafi’s Libya is far more democratic than the USA, France and the others claiming to export democracy:
1. The State: The bigger a country, the less democratic it can be. According to Rousseau, the state has to be extremely small so that people can come together and know each other. Before asking people to vote, one must ensure that everybody knows everyone else, otherwise voting will be an act without any democratic basis, a simulacrum of democracy to elect a dictator.
The Libyan state is based on a system of tribal allegiances, which by definition group people together in small entities. The democratic spirit is much more present in a tribe, a village than in a big country, simply because people know each other, share a common life rhythm which involves a kind of self-regulation or even self-censorship in that the reactions and
counter reactions of other members impacts on the group.
From this perspective, it would appear that Libya fits Rousseau’s conditions better than the USA, France and Great Britain, all highly urbanised societies where most neighbours don’t even say hello to each other and therefore don’t know each other even if they have lived side by side for twenty years. These countries leapfrogged leaped into the next stage – ‘the vote’ – which has been cleverly sanctified to obfuscate the fact that voting on the future of the country is useless if the voter doesn’t know the other citizens. This has been pushed to ridiculous limits with voting rights being given to people living abroad. Communicating with and amongst each other is a precondition for any democratic debate before an election.
2. Simplicity in customs and behavioural patterns are also essential if one is to avoid spending the bulk of the time debating legal and judicial procedures in order to deal with the multitude of conflicts of interest inevitable in a large and complex society. Western countries define themselves as civilised nations with a more complex social structure whereas Libya is described as a primitive country with a simple set of customs. This aspect too indicates that Libya responds better to Rousseau’s democratic criteria than all those trying to give lessons in democracy. Conflicts in complex societies are most often won by those with more power, which is why the rich manage to avoid prison because they can afford to hire top lawyers and instead arrange for state repression to be directed against someone one who stole a banana in a supermarket rather than a financial criminal who ruined a bank. In the city of New York for example where 75 per cent of the population is white, 80 per cent of management posts are occupied by whites who make up only 20 per cent of incarcerated people.
3. Equality in status and wealth: A look at the Forbes 2010 list shows who the richest people in each of the countries currently bombing Libya are and the difference between them and those who earn the lowest salaries in those nations; a similar exercise on Libya will reveal that in terms of wealth distribution, Libya has much more to teach than those fighting it now, and not the contrary. So here too, using Rousseau’s criteria, Libya is more democratic than the nations pompously pretending to bring democracy. In the USA, 5 per cent of the population owns 60 per cent of the national wealth, making it the most unequal and unbalanced society in the world.
4. No luxuries: according to Rousseau there can’t be any luxury if there is to be democracy. Luxury, he says, makes wealth a necessity which then becomes a virtue in itself, it, and not the welfare of the people becomes the goal to be reached at all cost, ‘Luxury corrupts both the rich and the poor, the one through possession and the other through envy; it makes the nation soft and prey to vanity; it distances people from the State and enslaves them, making them a slave to opinion.’
Is there more luxury in France than in Libya? The reports on employees committing suicide because of stressful working conditions even in public or semi-public companies, all in the name of maximising profit for a minority and keeping them in luxury, happen in the West, not in Libya.
The American sociologist C. Wright Mills wrote in 1956 that American democracy was a ‘dictatorship of the elite’. According to Mills, the USA is not a democracy because it is money that talks during elections and not the people. The results of each election are the expression of the voice of money and not the voice of the people. After Bush senior and Bush junior, they are already talking about a younger Bush for the 2012 Republican primaries. Moreover, as Max Weber pointed out, since political power is dependent on the bureaucracy, the US has 43 million bureaucrats and military personnel who effectively rule the country but without being elected and are not accountable to the people for their actions. One person (a rich one) is elected, but the real power lies with the caste of the wealthy who then get nominated to be ambassadors, generals, etc.
How many people in these self-proclaimed democracies know that Peru’s constitution prohibits an outgoing president from seeking a second consecutive mandate? How many know that in Guatemala, not only can an outgoing president not seek re-election to the same post, no one from that person’s family can aspire to the top job either? Or that Rwanda is the only country in the world that has 56 per cent female parliamentarians? How many people know that in the 2007 CIA index, four of the world’s best-governed countries are African? That the top prize goes to Equatorial Guinea whose public debt represents only 1.14 per cent of GDP?
Rousseau maintains that civil wars, revolts and rebellions are the ingredients of the beginning of democracy. Because democracy is not an end, but a permanent process of the reaffirmation of the natural rights of human beings which in countries all over the world (without exception) are trampled upon by a handful of men and women who have hijacked the power of the people to perpetuate their supremacy. There are here and there groups of people who have usurped the term ‘democracy’ – instead of it being an ideal towards which one strives it has become a label to be appropriated or a slogan which is used by people who can shout louder than others. If a country is calm, like France or the USA, that is to say without any rebellions, it only means, from Rousseau’s perspective, that the dictatorial system is sufficiently repressive to pre-empt any revolt.
It wouldn’t be a bad thing if the Libyans revolted. What is bad is to affirm that people stoically accept a system that represses them all over the world without reacting. And Rousseau concludes: ‘Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium – translation – If gods were people, they would govern themselves democratically. Such a perfect government is not applicable to human beings.’ To claim that one is killing Libyans for their own good is a hoax.
What Lessons for Africa?
After 500 years of a profoundly unequal relationship with the West, it is clear that we don’t have the same criteria of what is good and bad. We have deeply divergent interests. How can one not deplore the ‘yes’ votes from three sub-Saharan countries (Nigeria, South Africa and Gabon) for resolution 1973 that inaugurated the latest form of colonisation baptised ‘the protection of peoples’, which legitimises the racist theories that have informed Europeans since the 18th century and according to which North Africa has nothing to do with sub-Saharan Africa, that North Africa is more evolved, cultivated and civilised than the rest of Africa?
It is as if Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Algeria were not part of Africa, Even the United Nations seems to ignore the role of the African Union in the affairs of member states. The aim is to isolate sub Saharan African countries to better isolate and control them. Indeed, Algeria (US$16 billion) and Libya (US$10 billion ) together contribute 62 per cent of the US$42 billion which constitute the capital of the African Monetary Fund (AMF). The biggest and most populous country in sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria, followed by South Africa are far behind with only 3 billion dollars each.
It is disconcerting to say the least that for the first time in the history of the United Nations, war has been declared against a people without having explored the slightest possibility of a peaceful solution to the crisis. Does Africa really belong anymore to this organisation? Nigeria and South Africa are prepared to vote ‘Yes’ to everything the West asks because they naively believe the vague promises of a permanent seat at the Security Council with similar veto rights. They both forget that France has no power to offer anything. If it did, Mitterand would have long done the needful for Helmut Kohl’s Germany.
A reform of the United Nations is not on the agenda. The only way to make a point is to use the Chinese method – all 50 African nations should quit the United Nations and only return if their longstanding demand is finally met, a seat for the entire African federation or nothing. This non-violent method is the only weapon of justice available to the poor and weak that we are. We should simply quit the United Nations because this organisation, by its very structure and hierarchy, is at the service of the most powerful.
We should leave the United Nations to register our rejection of a worldview based on the annihilation of those who are weaker. They are free to continue as before but at least we will not be party to it and say we agree when we were never asked for our opinion. And even when we expressed our point of view, like we did on Saturday 19 March in Nouakchott, when we opposed the military action, our opinion was simply ignored and the bombs started falling on the African people.
Today’s events are reminiscent of what happened with China in the past. Today, one recognises the Ouattara government, the rebel government in Libya, like one did at the end of the Second World War with China. The so-called international community chose Taiwan to be the sole representative of the Chinese people instead of Mao’s China. It took 26 years when on 25 October 1971, for the UN to pass resolution 2758 which all Africans should read to put an end to human folly. China was admitted and on its terms – it refused to be a member if it didn’t have a veto right. When the demand was met and the resolution tabled, it still took a year for the Chinese foreign minister to respond in writing to the UN Secretary General on 29 September 1972, a letter which didn’t say yes or thank you but spelt out guarantees required for China’s dignity to be respected.
What does Africa hope to achieve from the United Nations without playing hard ball? We saw how in Cote d’Ivoire a UN bureaucrat considers himself to be above the constitution of the country. We entered this organisation by agreeing to be slaves and to believe that we will be invited to dine at the same table and eat from plates we ourselves washed is not just credulous, it is stupid.
When the African Union endorsed Ouattara’s victory and glossed over contrary reports from its own electoral observers simply to please our former masters, how can we expect to be respected? When South African president Zuma declares that Ouattara hasn’t won the elections and then says the exact opposite during a trip to Paris, one is entitled to question the credibility of these leaders who claim to represent and speak on behalf of a billion Africans.
Africa’s strength and real freedom will only come if it can take properly thought out actions and assume the consequences. Dignity and respect come with a price tag. Are we prepared to pay it? Otherwise, our place is in the kitchen and in the toilets in order to make others comfortable.
By Jean-Paul Pougala
April 21, 2011 "Information Clearing House" -- It was Gaddafi’s Libya that offered all of Africa its first revolution in modern times – connecting the entire continent by telephone, television, radio broadcasting and several other technological applications such as telemedicine and distance teaching. And thanks to the WMAX radio bridge, a low cost connection was made available across the continent, including in rural areas.
It began in 1992, when 45 African nations established RASCOM (Regional African Satellite Communication Organization) so that Africa would have its own satellite and slash communication costs in the continent. This was a time when phone calls to and from Africa were the most expensive in the world because of the annual US$500 million fee pocketed by Europe for the use of its satellites like Intelsat for phone conversations, including those within the same country.
An African satellite only cost a onetime payment of US$400 million and the continent no longer had to pay a US$500 million annual lease. Which banker wouldn’t finance such a project? But the problem remained – how can slaves, seeking to free themselves from their master’s exploitation ask the master’s help to achieve that freedom? Not surprisingly, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the USA, Europe only made vague promises for 14 years. Gaddafi put an end to these futile pleas to the western ‘benefactors’ with their exorbitant interest rates. The Libyan guide put US$300 million on the table; the African Development Bank added US$50 million more and the West African Development Bank a further US$27 million – and that’s how Africa got its first communications satellite on 26 December 2007.
China and Russia followed suit and shared their technology and helped launch satellites for South Africa, Nigeria, Angola, Algeria and a second African satellite was launched in July 2010. The first totally indigenously built satellite and manufactured on African soil, in Algeria, is set for 2020. This satellite is aimed at competing with the best in the world, but at ten times less the cost, a real challenge.
This is how a symbolic gesture of a mere US$300 million changed the life of an entire continent. Gaddafi’s Libya cost the West, not just depriving it of US$500 million per year but the billions of dollars in debt and interest that the initial loan would generate for years to come and in an exponential manner, thereby helping maintain an occult system in order to plunder the continent.
African Monetary Fund, African Central Bank, African Investment Bank
The US$30 billion frozen by Mr Obama belong to the Libyan Central Bank and had been earmarked as the Libyan contribution to three key projects which would add the finishing touches to the African federation – the African
Investment Bank in Syrte, Libya, the establishment in 2011 of the African Monetary Fund to be based in Yaounde with a US$42 billion capital fund and the Abuja-based African Central Bank in Nigeria which when it starts printing African money will ring the death knell for the CFA franc through which Paris has been able to maintain its hold on some African countries for the last fifty years. It is easy to understand the French wrath against Gaddafi.
The African Monetary Fund is expected to totally supplant the African activities of the International Monetary Fund which, with only US$25 billion, was able to bring an entire continent to its knees and make it swallow questionable privatisation like forcing African countries to move from public to private monopolies. No surprise then that on 16-17 December 2010, the Africans unanimously rejected attempts by Western countries to join the African Monetary Fund, saying it was open only to African nations.
It is increasingly obvious that after Libya, the western coalition will go after Algeria, because apart from its huge energy resources, the country has cash reserves of around €150 billion. This is what lures the countries that are bombing Libya and they all have one thing in common – they are practically bankrupt. The USA alone, has a staggering debt of $US14,000 billion, France, Great Britain and Italy each have a US$2,000 billion public deficit compared to less than US$400 billion in public debt for 46 African countries combined.
Inciting spurious wars in Africa in the hope that this will revitalise their economies which are sinking ever more into the doldrums will ultimately hasten the western decline which actually began in 1884 during the notorious Berlin Conference. As the American economist Adam Smith predicted in 1865 when he publicly backed Abraham Lincoln for the abolition of slavery, ‘the economy of any country which relies on the slavery of blacks is destined to descend into hell the day those countries awaken’.
Regional Unity as an Obstacle to the Creation of a United States of Africa
To destabilise and destroy the African union which was veering dangerously (for the West) towards a United States of Africa under the guiding hand of Gaddafi, the European Union first tried, unsuccessfully, to create the Union for the Mediterranean (UPM). North Africa somehow had to be cut off from the rest of Africa, using the old tired racist clichés of the 18th and 19th centuries ,which claimed that Africans of Arab origin were more evolved and civilised than the rest of the continent. This failed because Gaddafi refused to buy into it. He soon understood what game was being played when
only a handful of African countries were invited to join the Mediterranean grouping without informing the African Union but inviting all 27 members of the European Union.
Without the driving force behind the African Federation, the UPM failed even before it began, still-born with Sarkozy as president and Mubarak as vice president. The French foreign minister, Alain Juppe is now attempting to re-launch the idea, banking no doubt on the fall of Gaddafi. What African leaders fail to understand is that as long as the European Union continues to finance the African Union, the status quo will remain, because no real independence. This is why the European Union has encouraged and financed regional groupings in Africa.
It is obvious that the West African Economic Community (ECOWAS), which has an embassy in Brussels and depends for the bulk of its funding on the European Union, is a vociferous opponent to the African federation. That’s why Lincoln fought in the US war of secession because the moment a group of countries come together in a regional political organisation, it weakens the main group. That is what Europe wanted and the Africans have never understood the game plan, creating a plethora of regional groupings, COMESA, UDEAC, SADC, and the Great Maghreb which never saw the light of day thanks to Gaddafi who understood what was happening.
Gaddafi, the African Who Cleansed the Continent from the Humiliation of Apartheid
For most Africans, Gaddafi is a generous man, a humanist, known for his unselfish support for the struggle against the racist regime in South Africa. If he had been an egotist, he wouldn’t have risked the wrath of the West to help the ANC both militarily and financially in the fight against apartheid. This was why Mandela, soon after his release from 27 years in jail, decided to break the UN embargo and travel to Libya on 23 October 1997. For five long years, no plane could touch down in Libya because of the embargo. One needed to take a plane to the Tunisian city of Jerba and continue by road for five hours to reach Ben Gardane, cross the border and continue on a desert road for three hours before reaching Tripoli. The other solution was to go through Malta, and take a night ferry on ill-maintained boats to the Libyan coast. A hellish journey for a whole people, simply to punish one man.
Mandela didn’t mince his words when the former US president Bill Clinton said the visit was an ‘unwelcome’ one – ‘No country can claim to be the policeman of the world and no state can dictate to another what it should do’. He added – ‘Those that yesterday were friends of our enemies have the gall today to tell me not to visit my brother Gaddafi, they are advising us to be ungrateful and forget our friends of the past.’
Indeed, the West still considered the South African racists to be their brothers who needed to be protected. That’s why the members of the ANC, including Nelson Mandela, were considered to be dangerous terrorists. It was only on 2 July 2008, that the US Congress finally voted a law to remove the name of Nelson Mandela and his ANC comrades from their black list, not because they realised how stupid that list was but because they wanted to mark Mandela’s 90th birthday. If the West was truly sorry for its past support for Mandela’s enemies and really sincere when they name streets and places after him, how can they continue to wage war against someone who helped Mandela and his people to be victorious, Gaddafi?
Are Those Who Want to Export Democracy Themselves Democrats?
And what if Gaddafi’s Libya were more democratic than the USA, France, Britain and other countries waging war to export democracy to Libya? On 19 March 2003, President George Bush began bombing Iraq under the pretext of bringing democracy. On 19 March 2011, exactly eight years later to the day, it was the French president’s turn to rain down bombs over Libya, once again claiming it was to bring democracy. Nobel peace prize-winner and US President Obama says unleashing cruise missiles from submarines is to oust the dictator and introduce democracy.
The question that anyone with even minimum intelligence cannot help asking is the following: Are countries like France, England, the USA, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Poland who defend their right to bomb Libya on the strength of their self proclaimed democratic status really democratic? If yes, are they more democratic than Gaddafi’s Libya? The answer in fact is a resounding NO, for the plain and simple reason that democracy doesn’t exist. This isn’t a personal opinion, but a quote from someone whose native town Geneva, hosts the bulk of UN institutions. The quote is from Jean Jacques Rousseau, born in Geneva in 1712 and who writes in chapter four of the third book of the famous Social Contract that ‘there never was a true democracy and there never will be.’
Rousseau sets out the following four conditions for a country to be labelled a democracy and according to these Gaddafi’s Libya is far more democratic than the USA, France and the others claiming to export democracy:
1. The State: The bigger a country, the less democratic it can be. According to Rousseau, the state has to be extremely small so that people can come together and know each other. Before asking people to vote, one must ensure that everybody knows everyone else, otherwise voting will be an act without any democratic basis, a simulacrum of democracy to elect a dictator.
The Libyan state is based on a system of tribal allegiances, which by definition group people together in small entities. The democratic spirit is much more present in a tribe, a village than in a big country, simply because people know each other, share a common life rhythm which involves a kind of self-regulation or even self-censorship in that the reactions and
counter reactions of other members impacts on the group.
From this perspective, it would appear that Libya fits Rousseau’s conditions better than the USA, France and Great Britain, all highly urbanised societies where most neighbours don’t even say hello to each other and therefore don’t know each other even if they have lived side by side for twenty years. These countries leapfrogged leaped into the next stage – ‘the vote’ – which has been cleverly sanctified to obfuscate the fact that voting on the future of the country is useless if the voter doesn’t know the other citizens. This has been pushed to ridiculous limits with voting rights being given to people living abroad. Communicating with and amongst each other is a precondition for any democratic debate before an election.
2. Simplicity in customs and behavioural patterns are also essential if one is to avoid spending the bulk of the time debating legal and judicial procedures in order to deal with the multitude of conflicts of interest inevitable in a large and complex society. Western countries define themselves as civilised nations with a more complex social structure whereas Libya is described as a primitive country with a simple set of customs. This aspect too indicates that Libya responds better to Rousseau’s democratic criteria than all those trying to give lessons in democracy. Conflicts in complex societies are most often won by those with more power, which is why the rich manage to avoid prison because they can afford to hire top lawyers and instead arrange for state repression to be directed against someone one who stole a banana in a supermarket rather than a financial criminal who ruined a bank. In the city of New York for example where 75 per cent of the population is white, 80 per cent of management posts are occupied by whites who make up only 20 per cent of incarcerated people.
3. Equality in status and wealth: A look at the Forbes 2010 list shows who the richest people in each of the countries currently bombing Libya are and the difference between them and those who earn the lowest salaries in those nations; a similar exercise on Libya will reveal that in terms of wealth distribution, Libya has much more to teach than those fighting it now, and not the contrary. So here too, using Rousseau’s criteria, Libya is more democratic than the nations pompously pretending to bring democracy. In the USA, 5 per cent of the population owns 60 per cent of the national wealth, making it the most unequal and unbalanced society in the world.
4. No luxuries: according to Rousseau there can’t be any luxury if there is to be democracy. Luxury, he says, makes wealth a necessity which then becomes a virtue in itself, it, and not the welfare of the people becomes the goal to be reached at all cost, ‘Luxury corrupts both the rich and the poor, the one through possession and the other through envy; it makes the nation soft and prey to vanity; it distances people from the State and enslaves them, making them a slave to opinion.’
Is there more luxury in France than in Libya? The reports on employees committing suicide because of stressful working conditions even in public or semi-public companies, all in the name of maximising profit for a minority and keeping them in luxury, happen in the West, not in Libya.
The American sociologist C. Wright Mills wrote in 1956 that American democracy was a ‘dictatorship of the elite’. According to Mills, the USA is not a democracy because it is money that talks during elections and not the people. The results of each election are the expression of the voice of money and not the voice of the people. After Bush senior and Bush junior, they are already talking about a younger Bush for the 2012 Republican primaries. Moreover, as Max Weber pointed out, since political power is dependent on the bureaucracy, the US has 43 million bureaucrats and military personnel who effectively rule the country but without being elected and are not accountable to the people for their actions. One person (a rich one) is elected, but the real power lies with the caste of the wealthy who then get nominated to be ambassadors, generals, etc.
How many people in these self-proclaimed democracies know that Peru’s constitution prohibits an outgoing president from seeking a second consecutive mandate? How many know that in Guatemala, not only can an outgoing president not seek re-election to the same post, no one from that person’s family can aspire to the top job either? Or that Rwanda is the only country in the world that has 56 per cent female parliamentarians? How many people know that in the 2007 CIA index, four of the world’s best-governed countries are African? That the top prize goes to Equatorial Guinea whose public debt represents only 1.14 per cent of GDP?
Rousseau maintains that civil wars, revolts and rebellions are the ingredients of the beginning of democracy. Because democracy is not an end, but a permanent process of the reaffirmation of the natural rights of human beings which in countries all over the world (without exception) are trampled upon by a handful of men and women who have hijacked the power of the people to perpetuate their supremacy. There are here and there groups of people who have usurped the term ‘democracy’ – instead of it being an ideal towards which one strives it has become a label to be appropriated or a slogan which is used by people who can shout louder than others. If a country is calm, like France or the USA, that is to say without any rebellions, it only means, from Rousseau’s perspective, that the dictatorial system is sufficiently repressive to pre-empt any revolt.
It wouldn’t be a bad thing if the Libyans revolted. What is bad is to affirm that people stoically accept a system that represses them all over the world without reacting. And Rousseau concludes: ‘Malo periculosam libertatem quam quietum servitium – translation – If gods were people, they would govern themselves democratically. Such a perfect government is not applicable to human beings.’ To claim that one is killing Libyans for their own good is a hoax.
What Lessons for Africa?
After 500 years of a profoundly unequal relationship with the West, it is clear that we don’t have the same criteria of what is good and bad. We have deeply divergent interests. How can one not deplore the ‘yes’ votes from three sub-Saharan countries (Nigeria, South Africa and Gabon) for resolution 1973 that inaugurated the latest form of colonisation baptised ‘the protection of peoples’, which legitimises the racist theories that have informed Europeans since the 18th century and according to which North Africa has nothing to do with sub-Saharan Africa, that North Africa is more evolved, cultivated and civilised than the rest of Africa?
It is as if Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Algeria were not part of Africa, Even the United Nations seems to ignore the role of the African Union in the affairs of member states. The aim is to isolate sub Saharan African countries to better isolate and control them. Indeed, Algeria (US$16 billion) and Libya (US$10 billion ) together contribute 62 per cent of the US$42 billion which constitute the capital of the African Monetary Fund (AMF). The biggest and most populous country in sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria, followed by South Africa are far behind with only 3 billion dollars each.
It is disconcerting to say the least that for the first time in the history of the United Nations, war has been declared against a people without having explored the slightest possibility of a peaceful solution to the crisis. Does Africa really belong anymore to this organisation? Nigeria and South Africa are prepared to vote ‘Yes’ to everything the West asks because they naively believe the vague promises of a permanent seat at the Security Council with similar veto rights. They both forget that France has no power to offer anything. If it did, Mitterand would have long done the needful for Helmut Kohl’s Germany.
A reform of the United Nations is not on the agenda. The only way to make a point is to use the Chinese method – all 50 African nations should quit the United Nations and only return if their longstanding demand is finally met, a seat for the entire African federation or nothing. This non-violent method is the only weapon of justice available to the poor and weak that we are. We should simply quit the United Nations because this organisation, by its very structure and hierarchy, is at the service of the most powerful.
We should leave the United Nations to register our rejection of a worldview based on the annihilation of those who are weaker. They are free to continue as before but at least we will not be party to it and say we agree when we were never asked for our opinion. And even when we expressed our point of view, like we did on Saturday 19 March in Nouakchott, when we opposed the military action, our opinion was simply ignored and the bombs started falling on the African people.
Today’s events are reminiscent of what happened with China in the past. Today, one recognises the Ouattara government, the rebel government in Libya, like one did at the end of the Second World War with China. The so-called international community chose Taiwan to be the sole representative of the Chinese people instead of Mao’s China. It took 26 years when on 25 October 1971, for the UN to pass resolution 2758 which all Africans should read to put an end to human folly. China was admitted and on its terms – it refused to be a member if it didn’t have a veto right. When the demand was met and the resolution tabled, it still took a year for the Chinese foreign minister to respond in writing to the UN Secretary General on 29 September 1972, a letter which didn’t say yes or thank you but spelt out guarantees required for China’s dignity to be respected.
What does Africa hope to achieve from the United Nations without playing hard ball? We saw how in Cote d’Ivoire a UN bureaucrat considers himself to be above the constitution of the country. We entered this organisation by agreeing to be slaves and to believe that we will be invited to dine at the same table and eat from plates we ourselves washed is not just credulous, it is stupid.
When the African Union endorsed Ouattara’s victory and glossed over contrary reports from its own electoral observers simply to please our former masters, how can we expect to be respected? When South African president Zuma declares that Ouattara hasn’t won the elections and then says the exact opposite during a trip to Paris, one is entitled to question the credibility of these leaders who claim to represent and speak on behalf of a billion Africans.
Africa’s strength and real freedom will only come if it can take properly thought out actions and assume the consequences. Dignity and respect come with a price tag. Are we prepared to pay it? Otherwise, our place is in the kitchen and in the toilets in order to make others comfortable.
把俄罗斯人的皮挠掉了,下面就露出个蒙古人
英国人过去说 if you scratch a russian, You will find a mongol underneath. 意思是:把俄罗斯人的皮挠掉了,下面就露出个蒙古人。当然这显示了欧洲人对俄罗斯人的傲慢,觉得俄罗斯是个半开化的民族。
从体态上,俄罗斯人兼用欧洲人和蒙古人的特征。他们许多人有淡色的毛发,淡颜色的眼睛,高鼻子,深眼窝,白皮肤,但同时又有亚洲人的宽脸庞,结识的头颅,粗壮的躯干四肢。俄罗斯人爱说自己有宽脊梁,意思是俄罗斯人什么都能忍受。
毕竟蒙古帝国统治了俄罗斯几百年,连沙皇都有蒙古血统。据说Tzar都是蒙语而来,蒙古语“白色的汗”tzagaan khaan,是俄罗斯Tzar的由来。
俄罗斯人在秉性上也和蒙古族人很接近。他们都属于粘血质,缓慢而坚定,先忍让而后爆发的类型。蒙古在成吉思汗时崛起前,受尽金国凌辱,而后一发而不可收拾。后俄罗斯在纳粹闪击战下一溃千里,到后来钳型攻势消灭了纳粹德国精锐,扭转了二战的势态。因此俄罗斯有历史学家说,苏联红色帝国乃是700年前蒙古帝国的精神继承者。
如果你稍加注意,就会发现列宁本人也有不少蒙古人的特征:上眼皮斜压式的单眼皮,高颧骨。实际上列宁有1/4的蒙古族血统,他的祖母就是卡尔梅克蒙古人。列宁曾经自述小时候喝奶奶熬的那种放咸盐的奶茶。
有网友还摘了一段证明金帐汗国对俄罗斯的影响:
从体态上,俄罗斯人兼用欧洲人和蒙古人的特征。他们许多人有淡色的毛发,淡颜色的眼睛,高鼻子,深眼窝,白皮肤,但同时又有亚洲人的宽脸庞,结识的头颅,粗壮的躯干四肢。俄罗斯人爱说自己有宽脊梁,意思是俄罗斯人什么都能忍受。
毕竟蒙古帝国统治了俄罗斯几百年,连沙皇都有蒙古血统。据说Tzar都是蒙语而来,蒙古语“白色的汗”tzagaan khaan,是俄罗斯Tzar的由来。
俄罗斯人在秉性上也和蒙古族人很接近。他们都属于粘血质,缓慢而坚定,先忍让而后爆发的类型。蒙古在成吉思汗时崛起前,受尽金国凌辱,而后一发而不可收拾。后俄罗斯在纳粹闪击战下一溃千里,到后来钳型攻势消灭了纳粹德国精锐,扭转了二战的势态。因此俄罗斯有历史学家说,苏联红色帝国乃是700年前蒙古帝国的精神继承者。
如果你稍加注意,就会发现列宁本人也有不少蒙古人的特征:上眼皮斜压式的单眼皮,高颧骨。实际上列宁有1/4的蒙古族血统,他的祖母就是卡尔梅克蒙古人。列宁曾经自述小时候喝奶奶熬的那种放咸盐的奶茶。
有网友还摘了一段证明金帐汗国对俄罗斯的影响:
中世纪的东方与西方不仅是互通的,而且是互动的,不是单方的沟通和对话,而是双向的沟通和对话,这是这个时代的显著特征。对于理解人类的历史和社会发展的过程和面貌具有着不可估量的价值。金帐汗国的蒙古人后裔——鞑靼人融合到了俄罗斯民族当中。喀山汗国,阿斯特拉罕,西伯利亚汗,克里米亚汗,诺盖汗的蒙古鞑靼贵族们后来都供职于俄罗斯公国,成为许多大公,王,贵族的姓氏起源。从各类文献资料中发现有鞑靼血缘的92个大公,50个王,13个公侯以及300多个贵族姓氏。蒙古——鞑靼人不仅把政治制度,税收制度,海关制度和军事制度传给了俄罗斯人,而且把血统和形式也传给了俄罗斯人。蒙古鞑靼人为俄罗斯贡献了鲍里斯和费德尔*戈杜诺夫两位沙皇。6位皇后:所罗门尼娅*萨布洛娃;叶列娜*格林斯卡娃;伊琳娜*戈杜诺娃;纳塔利娅*纳雷什金娜;马尔法*阿普拉克希娜;叶夫多基娅*萨布罗娃。彼得*奥尔登司机格跟——巴豆含的质子和彼得格根也是俄罗斯著名的圣徒。蒙古——鞑靼人还把驿站和军事战略战术传给了俄罗斯人。如著名的尤里*梅谢尔斯基汗将军,安德烈*谢尔基佐夫,叶尔莫洛夫,多赫图洛夫,马秋什金,莫尔德维诺夫,叶潘钦,比里列夫,日林斯基,谢尔巴切夫等将军们以及科学巨匠们如:门捷列夫,梅奇尼科夫,巴甫洛夫,季米里亚泽夫,历史学家坎捷米尔,卡拉姆津以及极地学家切柳斯金,奇里科夫等人都有蒙古——鞑靼血统。俄罗斯谚语说:“如果深究俄罗斯人,就会出现鞑靼人。”德*迈斯特也曾说过说:“抓伤一个俄罗斯人,就是抓伤一个鞑靼人。”蒙古——鞑靼人对于俄罗斯民族的影响是极其深远的,以至于形成了这样的观点:俄罗斯人是西方的东方人,是东方的西方人。此外蒙古——鞑靼人对于俄罗斯民族的文化和艺术留下了深深的印迹。在俄罗斯文学方面三位最伟大的小说家中的陀思妥耶夫斯基和屠格涅夫就有蒙古——鞑靼血统,也只有蒙古血统的屠格涅夫才能写下《白净草原》这样举世无双的对草原的深刻理解和体验的小说。舞蹈家有乌兰诺娃;安娜*巴浦洛娃都拥有蒙古——鞑靼血统
Wednesday, 26 October 2011
利比亚事件的教训 (二) [ 基一哲 ]
利比亚事件的教训 (二) [ 基一哲 ] 于:2011-08-23 07:45:36 复:3543068 总阅:57837
中国报道往往忽略了西方雇佣兵也是西方对外政策的利器,这次在利比亚也比较突出。当然人家也不叫雇佣兵,叫做保安公司(security contractor)。中国在非洲利益最多,其实也可以搞些保安公司,像西方公司那样,招募有军事技能的退役军人,为中国海外商业利益保驾护航,在关键的时候甚至可以为亲中政权提供必要支持。中国这方面应该更有劳力资源优势,海外应该大有作为。
今天英国《独立报》的文章就说,英国军事介入在利比亚反叛的胜利中起了决定作用,英国情报官员去利比亚为反叛领导人充当顾问,帮助组织最后的攻势。英国国防部每日协调通报北约在利比亚的军事行动。另外英国在利比亚搞了6个月的秘密活动,发动全方位攻势,这包括外交官秘密行动,传递假情报和假消息,派遣军事顾问和特种部队。
从3月19日开始,英国皇家海军就发射巡航导弹攻击利比亚政府军的防空阵地。英国皇家空军的飓风战机一直在前线参加攻击。英国外交官说,没有这些地面和空中的行动,卡扎菲的据点不可能被击破。
英国报纸记者还经常在从班加西到的黎波里的路上看到许多操英国口音的英国退伍特种部队军人为私人保安公司工作,他们经常在危险的军事前沿活动。记者还看到许多带着太阳眼镜的欧洲男性组成的小分队,乘坐四轮驱动汽车活动。
《独立报》记者还说,伦敦一直默许利比亚反叛在英国花钱招募英国特种部队退伍军人和有英军背景的人帮助他们培训和做军事顾问。西方许多在卡塔尔和阿联酋的保安公司得到了西方国家给利比亚反叛的资助,这些资金当中相当部分来自被冻结的利比亚海外帐户。
报道还说,英国、法国和意大利向反叛武装提供高科技装备,以便反叛武装能够同北约部队协调进行攻击。所有这些努力都改变了利比亚的战局,打击了卡扎菲部队的士气。在这段时间,英军摧毁了利比亚890个目标,其中包括180辆坦克和装甲车,395座建筑。
中国报道往往忽略了西方雇佣兵也是西方对外政策的利器,这次在利比亚也比较突出。当然人家也不叫雇佣兵,叫做保安公司(security contractor)。中国在非洲利益最多,其实也可以搞些保安公司,像西方公司那样,招募有军事技能的退役军人,为中国海外商业利益保驾护航,在关键的时候甚至可以为亲中政权提供必要支持。中国这方面应该更有劳力资源优势,海外应该大有作为。
今天英国《独立报》的文章就说,英国军事介入在利比亚反叛的胜利中起了决定作用,英国情报官员去利比亚为反叛领导人充当顾问,帮助组织最后的攻势。英国国防部每日协调通报北约在利比亚的军事行动。另外英国在利比亚搞了6个月的秘密活动,发动全方位攻势,这包括外交官秘密行动,传递假情报和假消息,派遣军事顾问和特种部队。
从3月19日开始,英国皇家海军就发射巡航导弹攻击利比亚政府军的防空阵地。英国皇家空军的飓风战机一直在前线参加攻击。英国外交官说,没有这些地面和空中的行动,卡扎菲的据点不可能被击破。
英国报纸记者还经常在从班加西到的黎波里的路上看到许多操英国口音的英国退伍特种部队军人为私人保安公司工作,他们经常在危险的军事前沿活动。记者还看到许多带着太阳眼镜的欧洲男性组成的小分队,乘坐四轮驱动汽车活动。
《独立报》记者还说,伦敦一直默许利比亚反叛在英国花钱招募英国特种部队退伍军人和有英军背景的人帮助他们培训和做军事顾问。西方许多在卡塔尔和阿联酋的保安公司得到了西方国家给利比亚反叛的资助,这些资金当中相当部分来自被冻结的利比亚海外帐户。
报道还说,英国、法国和意大利向反叛武装提供高科技装备,以便反叛武装能够同北约部队协调进行攻击。所有这些努力都改变了利比亚的战局,打击了卡扎菲部队的士气。在这段时间,英军摧毁了利比亚890个目标,其中包括180辆坦克和装甲车,395座建筑。
【讨论】利比亚事件的教训 [ 基一哲 ]
【讨论】利比亚事件的教训 [ 基一哲 ] 于:2011-08-22 10:28:51 主题帖 总阅:57837
北约为利比亚的打砸抢烧分子开路,的黎波里被武装暴徒占领了。 没有天上北约飞机定点轰炸,地面没有英法的特种部队的帮助,利比亚反叛那些乌合之众,可能连一个火力点都拿不下来。
从电视上看,这帮反叛都是吃得很肥壮的年轻人,大多属于“吃饱饭不干事”,“端起碗吃肉放下碗骂人”的,不像是生活在水深火热当中的被压迫者。
利比亚事件对中共的教训可能是,“红色江山万代”传在当今世界很难做到。卡扎菲的家族统治,和中共元老想让太子党接班的本质是一样的。
太子党接班的人才库仅比家族统治大了一点点而已。中共延长统治的出路还在于搞党内民主,扩大统治人才库。
利比亚事件的另外教训应该不是像北约宣扬的那样,是什么民主战胜独裁。这恰恰说明,以美国为首的军事集团,在冷战后没有苏联的制约,越来越肆无忌惮地发动战争,涂炭第三世界国家。
今年是苏联解体20周年,利比亚事件,和前面的伊拉克战争,阿富汗战争,都为苏联解体,美帝一家独大,加剧世界动荡和危险作了注脚。
另外,从反叛领导人贾利勒的出身可以看出,堡垒最容易从内部攻破。贾利勒原来是卡扎菲政府的司法部长,此人一直以敢言著称,而且一直受西方国家和人权组织的好评。
把贾利勒拉入利比亚政府的是卡纸菲的儿子塞伊夫。塞伊夫可能是在伦敦经济学院拿过硕士学位那个,可能是自以为胸中很有韬略、实际办事能力不行那种。据说卡扎菲一度想把贾利勒拿下,但遭到宝贝儿子的极力反对。
北约为利比亚的打砸抢烧分子开路,的黎波里被武装暴徒占领了。 没有天上北约飞机定点轰炸,地面没有英法的特种部队的帮助,利比亚反叛那些乌合之众,可能连一个火力点都拿不下来。
从电视上看,这帮反叛都是吃得很肥壮的年轻人,大多属于“吃饱饭不干事”,“端起碗吃肉放下碗骂人”的,不像是生活在水深火热当中的被压迫者。
利比亚事件对中共的教训可能是,“红色江山万代”传在当今世界很难做到。卡扎菲的家族统治,和中共元老想让太子党接班的本质是一样的。
太子党接班的人才库仅比家族统治大了一点点而已。中共延长统治的出路还在于搞党内民主,扩大统治人才库。
利比亚事件的另外教训应该不是像北约宣扬的那样,是什么民主战胜独裁。这恰恰说明,以美国为首的军事集团,在冷战后没有苏联的制约,越来越肆无忌惮地发动战争,涂炭第三世界国家。
今年是苏联解体20周年,利比亚事件,和前面的伊拉克战争,阿富汗战争,都为苏联解体,美帝一家独大,加剧世界动荡和危险作了注脚。
另外,从反叛领导人贾利勒的出身可以看出,堡垒最容易从内部攻破。贾利勒原来是卡扎菲政府的司法部长,此人一直以敢言著称,而且一直受西方国家和人权组织的好评。
把贾利勒拉入利比亚政府的是卡纸菲的儿子塞伊夫。塞伊夫可能是在伦敦经济学院拿过硕士学位那个,可能是自以为胸中很有韬略、实际办事能力不行那种。据说卡扎菲一度想把贾利勒拿下,但遭到宝贝儿子的极力反对。
Saturday, 22 October 2011
Thursday, 20 October 2011
台湾学者评艾未未这个人渣
國立中央大學教授 林明杰
将新石器时代的陶器摔碎,碾成粉末,这是艾未未的“艺术创作”。
我孤陋寡闻,这事发生已有些日子,才刚知道。昨天偶然在网上看到,柏林东亚美术馆正展出艾未未用3吨普洱茶茶砖砌成的“茶房”。据柏林东亚美术馆馆长称,当时有两件艾未未的作品供选择,另一件作品是艾未未将新石器时代陶罐砸碎而取得的灰。他最终选择了“茶房”。
看后我还有点庆幸这个美术馆没有选择另一件,这样可以避免那些新石器陶罐被砸碎的命运。不料当我继续在网上搜索后却发现,艾未未在此前早已完成了这件作品,并在柏林一家画廊展出,名为《尘土归尘土(Dustto Dust)》。这件作品是一个巨大的柜子里摆放着十几个装满陶瓷粉末的大玻璃瓶,柜子前方的地面上则散落着一小堆陶瓷碎片。据说这些被摔碎的陶瓷都来自于遥远的新石器时代。
我无意评论艾未未的“艺术”,我只是难以接受一个艺术家怎么忍心砸碎那些陶罐——它们躲过数千年沧海桑田,却躲不过艾未未的“艺术创作”。
艾未未似与新石器时代陶器有仇。数年前,我在瑞士收藏家乌里·希克的别墅中曾看到几件被白色涂料覆盖了的彩陶。我看着觉得是新石器彩陶真品,有点不敢相信谁竟会去这样糟蹋,于是问主人。主人说这是艾未未用真的彩陶做的作品。
有些貌似“前卫”和“先锋”的艺术家,其思维方式和行为方式实质上依然沿袭着他们年少癫狂的“文革”时代的惯性。砸碎,砸烂就意味着创造出一个新天地了吗?破坏文物如果也能算是“艺术创作”,那么与“文革”中的“小将”们相比,艾未未算是小巫了。
新石器陶器是我们先祖的作品。将自己祖宗砸碎给外国人看,算是我们艺术家的本事吗?
将新石器时代的陶器摔碎,碾成粉末,这是艾未未的“艺术创作”。
我孤陋寡闻,这事发生已有些日子,才刚知道。昨天偶然在网上看到,柏林东亚美术馆正展出艾未未用3吨普洱茶茶砖砌成的“茶房”。据柏林东亚美术馆馆长称,当时有两件艾未未的作品供选择,另一件作品是艾未未将新石器时代陶罐砸碎而取得的灰。他最终选择了“茶房”。
看后我还有点庆幸这个美术馆没有选择另一件,这样可以避免那些新石器陶罐被砸碎的命运。不料当我继续在网上搜索后却发现,艾未未在此前早已完成了这件作品,并在柏林一家画廊展出,名为《尘土归尘土(Dustto Dust)》。这件作品是一个巨大的柜子里摆放着十几个装满陶瓷粉末的大玻璃瓶,柜子前方的地面上则散落着一小堆陶瓷碎片。据说这些被摔碎的陶瓷都来自于遥远的新石器时代。
我无意评论艾未未的“艺术”,我只是难以接受一个艺术家怎么忍心砸碎那些陶罐——它们躲过数千年沧海桑田,却躲不过艾未未的“艺术创作”。
艾未未似与新石器时代陶器有仇。数年前,我在瑞士收藏家乌里·希克的别墅中曾看到几件被白色涂料覆盖了的彩陶。我看着觉得是新石器彩陶真品,有点不敢相信谁竟会去这样糟蹋,于是问主人。主人说这是艾未未用真的彩陶做的作品。
有些貌似“前卫”和“先锋”的艺术家,其思维方式和行为方式实质上依然沿袭着他们年少癫狂的“文革”时代的惯性。砸碎,砸烂就意味着创造出一个新天地了吗?破坏文物如果也能算是“艺术创作”,那么与“文革”中的“小将”们相比,艾未未算是小巫了。
新石器陶器是我们先祖的作品。将自己祖宗砸碎给外国人看,算是我们艺术家的本事吗?
Tuesday, 18 October 2011
有人又在赵紫阳诞辰鼓噪平反了
老赵的家人,以前的狗腿子们又开始鼓噪,海外华文媒体也遥相呼应,又提给他平反。作为1989年六四四件的亲历者,我亲眼目睹一场下层民众高唱国际歌反官倒,反特权的左翼运动,被老赵的狗腿子和亲美势力纂改成反共的颜色革命。
有网友说,六四毫无疑问应该平反,但问题是由左派出面平反,还是右派出面平凡。一针见血。
“如果左派平反64,很简单,64初衷是反对通货膨胀,反对官倒投机倒把,也就是反对赵紫阳、邓小平那帮走资派。后来,李鹏不识相出来当子弹,造成运动转向,右派逐渐掌握了话语权。最后,走资派邓小平流血镇压左派和极右派才平息了事态。左派 平反64只要把屎盆子扣在走资派头上就好了,把64定性为“人民群众反对走资派、反对贪污腐化、投机倒把的一场爱国民主运动”。如果右派平反64,就得把它定性为“反对共产党专制的民主运动”,那么,共产党就得下台。”
有网友说,六四毫无疑问应该平反,但问题是由左派出面平反,还是右派出面平凡。一针见血。
“如果左派平反64,很简单,64初衷是反对通货膨胀,反对官倒投机倒把,也就是反对赵紫阳、邓小平那帮走资派。后来,李鹏不识相出来当子弹,造成运动转向,右派逐渐掌握了话语权。最后,走资派邓小平流血镇压左派和极右派才平息了事态。左派 平反64只要把屎盆子扣在走资派头上就好了,把64定性为“人民群众反对走资派、反对贪污腐化、投机倒把的一场爱国民主运动”。如果右派平反64,就得把它定性为“反对共产党专制的民主运动”,那么,共产党就得下台。”
Monday, 17 October 2011
装BBBC
经常出这种造谣,传谣的报道,明目张胆地违反自己所谓的编辑方针。把一种传言当中的,所谓即将发生的莫须有的大规模事件那出来做新闻。这样bbc的新闻标准就可以随意放弃,为舆论导向服务。对他们不喜欢的社会现象和事件,就严格按照“装BBBC”方针来,但对于他们想大肆报道的对象,就把编辑方针抛到九霄云外。
王敏冷漠质疑幸福广东这篇报道,本来用了监控录像的图片:
但是值班编辑和网络编辑以坚持“装BBBC”方针为由,认为画面过于血腥,禁止使用该图。全然不顾新闻本身是关于血淋淋社会现实的事实。
但卡扎菲北打死后,“装BBBC”的报道变得异常兴奋,编辑室一片骚动。各种谣传,传言,未经证实的一人叙述,说卡扎菲是懦夫的证词,最第一时间出笼。而且不顾自己一贯标榜的编辑方针。在反叛对捉获受伤的卡扎菲,并将其处决后,“装BBBC”使用现场暴徒发来的手机图片,显示卡扎菲奄奄一息,鲜血淋淋的照片。(图片从中国网站截取)
王敏冷漠质疑幸福广东这篇报道,本来用了监控录像的图片:
但是值班编辑和网络编辑以坚持“装BBBC”方针为由,认为画面过于血腥,禁止使用该图。全然不顾新闻本身是关于血淋淋社会现实的事实。
但卡扎菲北打死后,“装BBBC”的报道变得异常兴奋,编辑室一片骚动。各种谣传,传言,未经证实的一人叙述,说卡扎菲是懦夫的证词,最第一时间出笼。而且不顾自己一贯标榜的编辑方针。在反叛对捉获受伤的卡扎菲,并将其处决后,“装BBBC”使用现场暴徒发来的手机图片,显示卡扎菲奄奄一息,鲜血淋淋的照片。(图片从中国网站截取)
Sunday, 9 October 2011
蒙克:辛亥革命和“救国主义”
评论:辛亥革命和“救国主义”
1911 新亥年中国发生的民族主义革命一劳永逸地结束了中国的君主专制历史,使中国走上探索建立现代民族国家的道路。在过去100年间对于建立什么样的民族国家不同理想的冲突引发政治斗争乃至战争。在纪念辛亥革命百年期间对当场革命不同角度的历史回顾和评价反映出人们对于中国作为民族国家和政治共同体概念的分歧。
作为划时代的历史事件,辛亥革命结束了中国以往几千年的君主专制。其间中国民族主义者参照欧洲民族国家建立共和国家,和后来发生的共产主义革命涉及了两种不同的民族和国家的概念: 前者是中华民族概念,后者是阶级国家概念。
汉民族主义
中华现代民族概念改变了中国传统的国家观念,即以明确的主权疆界代替了传统的中央之国和天下的概念,以有权利之公民观代替了传统的臣民,以主权在民的共和思想代替了君权神授和天命观。
在民族观念上,孙中山早期沿用朱元璋种族革命的口号(“驱逐鞑虏,恢复中华”)。后来这种反满种族主义立场转变为民族同化立场。
孙中山认为民族和国家统一应该通过同化满蒙藏等不同民族实现。虽然后来表示尊重少数民族自治,但一般认为这是孙中山照搬苏联的民族政策,借以争取苏联对国民党的支持。孙中山的继承者蒋介石后来进一步阐述同化思想,认为中国不同民族源远古时期的共同祖先,实为血缘相连的同一民族。
像社会阶级差异被中共利用来发动社会下层起来反对民族主义政权一样,国民党的民族同化主义也被中共利用来争取边疆少数民族对革命的同情和支持。
此种民族观和同化主义观点一般会认为中共后来借鉴苏联民族政策的结果是失败的,并且为今天的西藏和新疆等民族问题埋下了伏笔。他们反思历史的时候往往会对共和和民国时期表现出留恋,认为中共领导的阶级革命和激进社会改革打断了中国正常的现代化进程。
阶级共同体
长期以来中共官方历史一直认为1949年建立的阶级国家是近代屈辱历史唤醒中国民族的结果,数千年“自在”的中国民族变成了“自觉”的民族。虽然根据中共理论,民族国家只是通往世界大同的过渡阶段,但是中共建立的阶级国家却和1840年以来的中国民族主义一脉相承,而且是民族利益的最高体现。
在阶级国家的概念中,民族只具有过渡性质,民族主义不可能成为终极目标,所以汉民族的民族主义和少数民族的民族主义都没有政治空间。在某种程度上,这种“负面”的民族平等在1949年后的头30年当中促进了民族融合。
辛亥革命
认为阶级国家加速了中国强大的看法往往认为领导辛亥革命的旧社会精英以其妥协性和不彻底性不能彻底解决中国社会的根本问题,不能实现民族融和,不能让中国成为世界强国。
中国立国30年过后,邓小平开启了改革开放时代,国家开始了去意识形态化。江泽民的“三个代表”理论标志着中共发生根本转变,中共这个号称工人阶级先锋队的政党变成了全民党,阶级国家的概念又被同辛亥革命相关的旧的民族概念取代。
今年中共党报国庆社论提到中国民族主义革命的领袖,中华民国的创立者孙中山,却回避了中华人民共和国的缔造者毛泽东,此举招致中国左派人士的批评。辛亥百年纪念前传出消息还有,中国私营资本家,亿万富翁梁稳根将被吸纳进入中共中央领导层。
反民族主义
以共产主义为目标的意识形态国家的概念随着中国改革开放以及后来的苏联和东欧政治剧变已经不再是中国主流的政治议题,在旧的民族主义概念抬头的同时,反民族主义的普世观点也开始为许多人接受。
根据这种普世观点,中国面临的外部世界,不是列强环视的丛林,而是规则公平的国际社会;中国只须自我完善、对外接轨并融入国际社会。此种观点在反思历史的时候就会得出反民族主义的结论,认为民族主义多余,激进革命更无必要;只要搞好宪政,确立民主制度,完成工业化,中国的问题就解决了。
他们在解释孙中山及其三民主义的时候,往往侧重其民权思想而忽视其强调民族凝聚力的一面。不过历史上的孙中山似乎并不赞成照搬西方的民主制度。
孙中山一直将其三民主义视作“救国主义”,以此激发中国人思想和信仰的力量,实现建立世界强国的目标。孙中山虽然强调民权,但认为人民当中的大多不知不觉,需要先知先觉的人引导。
孙中山本人也强调过必先实现民族主义,而后才能实现世界大同。有学者(A.D. Smith)认为孙中山的国家主义在教条上接近欧洲的法西斯主义。
1911 新亥年中国发生的民族主义革命一劳永逸地结束了中国的君主专制历史,使中国走上探索建立现代民族国家的道路。在过去100年间对于建立什么样的民族国家不同理想的冲突引发政治斗争乃至战争。在纪念辛亥革命百年期间对当场革命不同角度的历史回顾和评价反映出人们对于中国作为民族国家和政治共同体概念的分歧。
作为划时代的历史事件,辛亥革命结束了中国以往几千年的君主专制。其间中国民族主义者参照欧洲民族国家建立共和国家,和后来发生的共产主义革命涉及了两种不同的民族和国家的概念: 前者是中华民族概念,后者是阶级国家概念。
汉民族主义
中华现代民族概念改变了中国传统的国家观念,即以明确的主权疆界代替了传统的中央之国和天下的概念,以有权利之公民观代替了传统的臣民,以主权在民的共和思想代替了君权神授和天命观。
在民族观念上,孙中山早期沿用朱元璋种族革命的口号(“驱逐鞑虏,恢复中华”)。后来这种反满种族主义立场转变为民族同化立场。
孙中山认为民族和国家统一应该通过同化满蒙藏等不同民族实现。虽然后来表示尊重少数民族自治,但一般认为这是孙中山照搬苏联的民族政策,借以争取苏联对国民党的支持。孙中山的继承者蒋介石后来进一步阐述同化思想,认为中国不同民族源远古时期的共同祖先,实为血缘相连的同一民族。
像社会阶级差异被中共利用来发动社会下层起来反对民族主义政权一样,国民党的民族同化主义也被中共利用来争取边疆少数民族对革命的同情和支持。
此种民族观和同化主义观点一般会认为中共后来借鉴苏联民族政策的结果是失败的,并且为今天的西藏和新疆等民族问题埋下了伏笔。他们反思历史的时候往往会对共和和民国时期表现出留恋,认为中共领导的阶级革命和激进社会改革打断了中国正常的现代化进程。
阶级共同体
长期以来中共官方历史一直认为1949年建立的阶级国家是近代屈辱历史唤醒中国民族的结果,数千年“自在”的中国民族变成了“自觉”的民族。虽然根据中共理论,民族国家只是通往世界大同的过渡阶段,但是中共建立的阶级国家却和1840年以来的中国民族主义一脉相承,而且是民族利益的最高体现。
在阶级国家的概念中,民族只具有过渡性质,民族主义不可能成为终极目标,所以汉民族的民族主义和少数民族的民族主义都没有政治空间。在某种程度上,这种“负面”的民族平等在1949年后的头30年当中促进了民族融合。
辛亥革命
认为阶级国家加速了中国强大的看法往往认为领导辛亥革命的旧社会精英以其妥协性和不彻底性不能彻底解决中国社会的根本问题,不能实现民族融和,不能让中国成为世界强国。
中国立国30年过后,邓小平开启了改革开放时代,国家开始了去意识形态化。江泽民的“三个代表”理论标志着中共发生根本转变,中共这个号称工人阶级先锋队的政党变成了全民党,阶级国家的概念又被同辛亥革命相关的旧的民族概念取代。
今年中共党报国庆社论提到中国民族主义革命的领袖,中华民国的创立者孙中山,却回避了中华人民共和国的缔造者毛泽东,此举招致中国左派人士的批评。辛亥百年纪念前传出消息还有,中国私营资本家,亿万富翁梁稳根将被吸纳进入中共中央领导层。
反民族主义
以共产主义为目标的意识形态国家的概念随着中国改革开放以及后来的苏联和东欧政治剧变已经不再是中国主流的政治议题,在旧的民族主义概念抬头的同时,反民族主义的普世观点也开始为许多人接受。
根据这种普世观点,中国面临的外部世界,不是列强环视的丛林,而是规则公平的国际社会;中国只须自我完善、对外接轨并融入国际社会。此种观点在反思历史的时候就会得出反民族主义的结论,认为民族主义多余,激进革命更无必要;只要搞好宪政,确立民主制度,完成工业化,中国的问题就解决了。
他们在解释孙中山及其三民主义的时候,往往侧重其民权思想而忽视其强调民族凝聚力的一面。不过历史上的孙中山似乎并不赞成照搬西方的民主制度。
孙中山一直将其三民主义视作“救国主义”,以此激发中国人思想和信仰的力量,实现建立世界强国的目标。孙中山虽然强调民权,但认为人民当中的大多不知不觉,需要先知先觉的人引导。
孙中山本人也强调过必先实现民族主义,而后才能实现世界大同。有学者(A.D. Smith)认为孙中山的国家主义在教条上接近欧洲的法西斯主义。
Saturday, 2 July 2011
"Report From Tripoli" with Webster Griffin Tarpley
Guns and Butter - June 29, 2011 at 1:00pm | KPFA 94.1 FM Berkeley: Listener Sponsored Free Speech Radio
Others who tell the truth regarding US/NATO murderous attack against Moammar El-Gadhafi (one of 32 spellings) government:
Michel Chossudovsky
Michel Collon
Diana Johnstone
Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya (currently in Libya)
Cynthia McKinney (in Libya directly before the bombings and after bombings, just returned form Libya and is starting a tour to tell the truth)
Lizzie Phelan (spoke on Press TV)
Others who tell the truth regarding US/NATO murderous attack against Moammar El-Gadhafi (one of 32 spellings) government:
Michel Chossudovsky
Michel Collon
Diana Johnstone
Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya (currently in Libya)
Cynthia McKinney (in Libya directly before the bombings and after bombings, just returned form Libya and is starting a tour to tell the truth)
Lizzie Phelan (spoke on Press TV)
Monday, 27 June 2011
Libya, Getting it Right: A Revolutionary Pan-African Perspective
by Gerald A. Perreira / March 4th, 2011
Thousands of Indians, Egyptians, Chinese, Filipinos, Turks, Germans, English, Italians, Malaysians, Koreans and a host of other nationalities are lining up at the borders and the airport to leave Libya. It begs the question: What were they doing in Libya in the first place? Unemployment figures, according to the Western media and Al Jazeera, are at 30%. If this is so, then why all these foreign workers?
For those of us who have lived and worked in Libya, there are many complexities to the current situation that have been completely overlooked by the Western media and ‘Westoxicated’ analysts, who have nothing other than a Eurocentric perspective to draw on. Let us be clear – there is no possibility of understanding what is happening in Libya within a Eurocentric framework. Westerners are incapable of understanding a system unless the system emanates from or is attached in some way to the West. Libya’s system and the battle now taking place on its soil, stands completely outside of the Western imagination.
News coverage by the BBC, CNN and Al Jazeera has been oversimplified and misleading. An array of anti-Qaddafi spokespersons, most living outside Libya, have been paraded in front of us – each one clearly a counter-revolutionary and less credible than the last. Despite the clear and irrefutable evidence from the beginning of these protests that Muammar Qaddafi had considerable support both inside Libya and internationally, not one pro-Qaddafi voice has been allowed to air. The media and their selected commentators have done their best to manufacture an opinion that Libya is essentially the same as Egypt and Tunisia and that Qaddafi is just another tyrant amassing large sums of money in Swiss bank accounts. But no matter how hard they try, they cannot make Qaddafi into a Mubarak or Libya into Egypt.
The first question is: Is the revolt taking place in Libya fuelled by a concern over economic issues such as poverty and unemployment as the media would have us believe? Let us examine the facts.
Under the revolutionary leadership of Muammar Qaddafi, Libya has attained the highest standard of living in Africa. In 2007, in an article which appeared in the African Executive Magazine, Norah Owaraga noted that Libya, “unlike other oil producing countries such as Nigeria and Saudi Arabia, utilized the revenue from its oil to develop its country. The standard of living of the people of Libya is one of the highest in Africa, falling in the category of countries with a GNP per capita of between USD 2,200 and 6,000.”
This is all the more remarkable when we consider that in 1951 Libya was officially the poorest country in the world. According to the World Bank, the per capita income was less than $50 a year – even lower than India. Today, all Libyans own their own homes and cars. Two Fleet Street journalists, David Blundy and Andrew Lycett, who are by no means supporters of the Libyan revolution, had this to say:
“The young people are well dressed, well fed and well educated. Libyans now earn more per capita than the British. The disparity in annual incomes… is smaller than in most countries. Libya’s wealth has been fairly spread throughout society. Every Libyan gets free, and often excellent, education, medical and health services. New colleges and hospitals are impressive by any international standard. All Libyans have a house or a flat, a car and most have televisions, video recorders and telephones. Compared with most citizens of the Third World countries, and with many in the First World, Libyans have it very good indeed.”1
Large scale housing construction has taken place right across the country. Every citizen has been given a decent house or apartment to live in rent-free. In Qaddafi’s Green Book it states: “The house is a basic need of both the individual and the family, therefore it should not be owned by others.” This dictum has now become a reality for the Libyan people.
Large scale agricultural projects have been implemented in an effort to “make the desert bloom” and achieve self-sufficiency in food production. Any Libyan who wants to become a farmer is given free use of land, a house, farm equipment, some livestock and seed.
Today, Libya can boast one of the finest health care systems in the Arab and African World. All people have access to doctors, hospitals, clinics and medicines, completely free of all charges. The fact is that the Libyan revolution has achieved such a high standard of living for its people that they import labor from other parts of the world to do the jobs that the unemployed Libyans refuse to do. Libya has been called by many observers inside and out, “a nation of shop keepers.” It is part of the Libyan Arab psyche to own your own small business and this type of small scale private enterprise flourishes in Libya. We can draw on many examples of Libyans with young sons who expressed the idea that it would be shameful for the family if these same young men were to seek menial work and instead preferred for them to remain at home supported by the extended family.
No system is perfect, and Libya is no exception. They suffered nine years of economic sanctions and this caused huge problems for the Libyan economy. Also, there is nowhere on planet earth that has escaped the monumental crisis of neo-liberal capitalism. It has impacted everywhere – even on post revolutionary societies that have rejected “free market” capitalism. However, what we are saying is that severe economic injustice is not at the heart of this conflict. So then, what is?
A Battle for Africa
The battle that is being waged in Libya is fundamentally a battle between Pan-African forces on the one hand, who are dedicated to the realization of Qaddafi’s vision of a united Africa, and reactionary racist Libyan Arab forces who reject Qaddafi’s vision of Libya as part of a united Africa and want to ally themselves instead with the EU and look toward Europe and the Arab World for Libya’s future.
One of Muammar Qaddafi’s most controversial and difficult moves in the eyes of many Libyans was his championing of Africa and his determined drive to unite Africa with one currency, one army and a shared vision regarding the true independence and liberation of the entire continent. He has contributed large amounts of his time and energy and large sums of money to this project and like Kwame Nkrumah, he has paid a high price.
Many of the Libyan people did not approve of this move. They wanted their leader to look towards Europe. Of course, Libya has extensive investments and commercial ties with Europe but the Libyans know that Qaddafi’s heart is in Africa.
Many years ago, Qaddafi told a large gathering, which included Libyans and revolutionaries from many parts of the world, that the Black Africans were the true owners of Libya long before the Arab incursion into North Africa, and that Libyans need to acknowledge and pay tribute to their ancient African roots. He ended by saying, as is proclaimed in his Green Book, that “the Black race shall prevail throughout the world.” This is not what many Libyans wanted to hear. As with all fair skinned Arabs, prejudice against Black Africans is endemic.
Brother Leader, Guide of the Revolution and King of Kings are some of the titles that have been bestowed on Qaddafi by Africans. Only last month Qaddafi called for the creation of a Secretariat of traditional African Chiefs and Kings, with whom he has excellent ties, to co-ordinate efforts to build African unity at the grassroots level throughout the continent, a bottom up approach, as opposed to trying to build unity at the government/state level, an approach which has failed the African unification project since the days of Kwame Nkrumah and Sekou Toure. This bottom up approach is widely supported by many Pan Africanists worldwide.
African Mercenaries or Freedom Fighters?
In the past week, the phrase “African mercenaries” has been repeated over and over by the media and the selected Libyan citizens they choose to speak to have, as one commentator put it, “spat the word ‘African’ with a venomous hatred.”
The media has assumed, without any research or understanding of the situation because they are refusing to give any air time to pro-Qaddafi forces, that the many Africans in military uniform fighting alongside the pro-Qaddafi Libyan forces are mercenaries. However, it is a myth that the Africans fighting to defend the Jamahiriya and Muammar Qaddafi are mercenaries being paid a few dollars and this assumption is based solely on the usual racist and contemptuous view of Black Africans.
Actually, in truth, there are people all over Africa and the African Diaspora who support and respect Muammar Qaddafi as a result of his invaluable contribution to the worldwide struggle for African emancipation.
Over the past two decades, thousands of Africans from all over the continent were provided with education, work and military training – many of them coming from liberation movements. As a result of Libya’s support for liberation movements throughout Africa and the world, international battalions were formed. These battalions saw themselves as a part of the Libyan revolution, and took it upon themselves to defend the revolution against attacks from within its borders or outside.
These are the Africans who are fighting to defend Qaddafi and the gains of the Libyan revolution to their death if need be. It is not unlike what happened when internationalist battalions came to the aid of the revolutionary forces against Franco’s fascist forces in Spain.
Malian political analyst, Adam Thiam, notes that “thousands of Tuaregs who were enrolled in the Islamic Legion established by the Libyan revolution remained in Libya and they are enrolled in the Libyan security forces.”
African Migrants under Attack
As African fighters from Chad, Niger, Mali, Ghana, Kenya and Southern Sudan (it should be noted that Libya supported the Sudanese People’s Liberation Army under John Garang in their war of liberation against Arab hegemonists in Khartoum, while all other Arab leaders backed the Khartoum regime) fight to defend this African revolution, a million African refugees and thousands of African migrant workers stand the risk of being murdered as a result of their perceived support for Qaddafi.
One Turkish construction worker described a massacre: “We had 70-80 people from Chad working for our company. They were cut dead with pruning shears and axes, attackers saying: ‘You are providing troops for Qaddafi. The Sudanese were also massacred. We saw it for ourselves.”
This is a far cry from what is being portrayed in the media as “peaceful protesters” being set upon by pro-Qaddafi forces. In fact, footage of the Benghazi revolt shows men with machetes, AK 47s and RPGs. In the Green Book, Qaddafi argues for the transfer of all power, wealth and arms directly into the hands of the people themselves. No one can deny that the Libyan populace is heavily armed. This is part of Qaddafi’s philosophy of arms not being monopolised by any section of the society, including the armed forces. It must be said that it is not usual practice for tyrants and dictators to arm their population.
Qaddafi has also been very vocal regarding the plight of Africans who migrate to Europe, where they are met with racism, more poverty, violence at the hands of extreme right wing groups and in many cases death, when the un-seaworthy boats they travel in sink.
Moved by their plight, a conference was held in Libya in January this year, to address their needs and concerns. More than 500 delegates and speakers from around the world attended the conference titled “A Decent Life in Europe or a Welcome Return to Africa.”
“We should live in Europe with decency and dignity,” Qaddafi told participants. “We need a good relationship with Europe not a relationship of master and slave. There should be a strong relationship between Africa and Europe. Our presence should be strong, tangible and good. It’s up to you as the Africans in the Diaspora. We have to continue more and more until the unity of Africa is achieved.
From now on, by the will of God, I will assign teams to search, investigate and liaise with the Africans in Europe and to check their situations…this is my duty and role towards the sons of Africa; I am a soldier for Africa. I am here for you and I work for you; therefore, I will not leave you and I will follow up on your conditions.”
Joint committees of African migrants, the United Nations, the African Union, the European Union and international organizations present at the conference discussed the need to coordinate the implementation of many of the conference’s recommendations.
Statements are appearing all over the internet from Africans who have a different view to that being perpetuated by those intent on discrediting Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution. One African commented:
When I was growing up I first read a comic book of his revolution at the age of ten. Since then, as dictators came and went, Colonel Qaddafi has made an impression on me as a man who truly loves Africa! Libyans could complain that he spent their wealth on other Africans! But those Africans he helped put in power, built schools and mosques and brought in many forms of development showing that Africans can do for themselves. If those Africans would abandon him to be swallowed by Western Imperialism and their lies and just let him go as a dictator in the name of so-called democracy…if they could do that…they should receive the names and fate that the Western press gives our beloved leader. If there is any one person who was half as generous as he is, let them step forward.
And another African comments:
This man has been accused of many things and listening to the West who just recently were happy to accept his generous hospitality, you will think that he is worse than Hitler. The racism and contemptuous attitudes of Arabs towards Black Africans has made me a natural sceptic of any overtures from them to forge a closer link with Black Africa but Qaddafi was an exception.
Opportunistic Revolt
This counter-revolutionary revolt caught everyone, including the Libyan authorities, by surprise. They knew what the media is not reporting: that unlike Egypt and Tunisia and other countries in the region, where there is tremendous poverty, unemployment and repressive pro-Western regimes, the Libyan dynamic was entirely different. However, an array of opportunistic forces, ranging from so-called Islamists, Arab-Supremacists, including some of those who have recently defected from Qaddafi’s inner circle, have used the events in neighbouring countries as a pretext to stage a coup and to advance their own agenda for the Libyan nation. Many of these former officials were the authors of, and covertly fuelled the anti-African pogrom in Libya a few years ago when many Africans lost their lives in street battles between Africans and Arab Libyans. This was a deliberate attempt to embarrass Qaddafi and to undermine his efforts in Africa.
Qaddafi has long been a thorn in the Islamists side. In his recent address to the Libyan people, broadcast from the ruins of the Bab al-Azizia compound bombed by Reagan in 1986, he asked the “bearded ones” in Benghazi and Jabal al Akhdar where they were when Reagan bombed his compound in Tripoli, killing hundreds of Libyans, including his daughter. He said they were hiding in their homes applauding the US and he vowed that he would never allow the country to be returned to the grip of them and their colonial masters.
Al Qaeda is in the Sahara on his borders and the International Union of Muslim Scholars is calling for him to be tried in a court. One asks why are they calling for Qaddafi’s blood? Why not Mubarak who closed the Rafah Border Crossing while the Israeli’s slaughtered the Palestinians in Gaza. Why not Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld and Blair who are responsible for the murder of millions of Muslims in Iraq and Afghanistan?
“An array of opportunistic forces, ranging from so-called Islamists, Arab-Supremacists, including some of those who have recently defected from Qaddafi’s inner circle, have used the events in neighbouring countries as a pretext to stage a coup.”
The answer is simple – because Qaddafi committed some “cardinal sins.” He dared to challenge their reactionary and feudal notions of Islam. He has upheld the idea that every Muslim is a ruler (Caliph) and does not need the Ulema to interpret the Quran for them. He has questioned the Islam of the Muslim Brotherhood and Al Qaeda from a Quranic/theological perspective and is one of the few political leaders equipped to do so. Qaddafi has been called a Mujaddid (this term refers to a person who appears to revive Islam and to purge it of alien elements, restoring it to its authentic form) and he comes in the tradition of Jamaludeen Afghani and the late Iranian revolutionary, Ali Shariati.
Libya is a deeply traditional society, plagued with some outmoded and bankrupt ideas that continue to surface to this day. In many ways, Qaddafi has had to struggle against the same reactionary aspects of Arab culture and tradition that the holy prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was struggling against in 7th century Arabia – Arab supremacy/racism, supremacy of family and tribe, historical feuding tribe against tribe and the marginalisation of women. Benghazi has always been at the heart of counter-revolution in Libya, fostering reactionary Islamic movements such as the Wahhabis and Salafists. It is these people who founded the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group based in Benghazi which allies itself with Al Qaeda and who have, over the years, been responsible for the assassination of leading members of the Libyan revolutionary committees.
These forces hate Qaddafi’s revolutionary reading of the Quran. They foster an Islam concerned with outward trappings and mere religiosity, in the form of rituals, which at the same time is feudal and repressive, while rejecting the liberatory spirituality of Islam. While these so-called Islamists are opposed to Western occupation of Muslim lands, they have no concrete programmatic platform for meaningful socio-economic and political transformation to advance their societies beyond semi-feudal and capitalist systems which reinforce the most backward and reactionary ideas and traditions. Qaddafi’s political philosophy, as outlined in the Green Book, rejects unfettered capitalism in all its manifestations, including the “State capitalism” of the former communist countries and the neo-liberal capitalist model that has been imposed at a global level. The idea that capitalism is not compatible with Islam and the Quran is not palatable to many Arabs and so-called Islamists because they hold onto the fallacious notion that business and trade is synonymous with capitalism.
Getting it Right
Whatever the mistakes made by Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution, its gains and its huge contribution to the struggle of oppressed peoples worldwide cannot and must not be ignored. Saif Qaddafi, when asked about the position of his father and family, said this battle is not about one man and his family, it is about Libya and the direction it will take.
That direction has always been controversial. In 1982, The World Mathaba was established in Libya. Mathaba means a gathering place for people with a common purpose. The World Mathaba brought together revolutionaries and freedom fighters from every corner of the globe to share ideas and develop their revolutionary knowledge. Many liberation groups throughout the world received education, training and support from Muammar Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution including ANC, AZAPO, PAC and BCM of Azania (South Africa), SWAPO of Namibia, MPLA of Angola, The Sandinistas of Nicaragua, The Polisario of the Sahara, the PLO, The Native American Movements throughout the Americas, The Nation of Islam led by Louis Farrakhan to name but a few. Nelson Mandela called Muammar Qaddafi one of this century’s greatest freedom fighters, and insisted that the eventual collapse of the apartheid system owed much to Qaddafi and Libyan support. Mandela said that in the darkest moments of their struggle, when their backs were to the wall, it was Muammar Qaddafi who stood with them. The late African freedom fighter, Kwame Ture, referred to Qaddafi as “a diamond in a cesspool of African misleaders.”
The hideous notion being perpetuated by the media and reactionary forces, inside and outside of Libya, that this is just another story of a bloated dictatorship that has run its course is mis-information and deliberate distortion. Whatever one’s opinions of Qaddafi the man, no one can deny his invaluable contribution to human emancipation and the universal truths outlined in his Green Book.
Progressive scholars in many parts of the world, including the West, have acclaimed The Green Book as an incisive critique of capitalism and the Western Parliamentary model of multi-party democracy. In addition, there is no denying that the system of direct democracy posited by Qaddafi in The Green Book offers an alternative model and solution for Africa and the Third World, where multi-party so-called democracy has been a dismal failure, resulting in poverty, ethnic and tribal conflict and chaos.
Every revolution, since the beginning of time, has defended itself against those who would want to roll back its gains. Europeans should look back into their own bloody history to see that this includes the American, French and Bolshevik revolutions. Marxists speak of Trotsky and Lenin’s brutal suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion by the Red Army as being a “tragic necessity.”
Let’s get it right: The battle in Libya is not about peaceful protestors versus an armed and hostile State. All sides are heavily armed and hostile. The battle being waged in Libya is essentially a battle between those who want to see a united and liberated Libya and Africa, free of neo-colonialism and neo-liberal capitalism and free to construct their own system of governance compatible with the African and Arab personalities and cultures and those who find this entire notion repugnant. And both sides are willing to pay the ultimate price to defend their positions.
Make no mistake, if Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution are defeated by this opportunistic conglomerate of reactionaries and racists, then progressive forces worldwide and the Pan African project will suffer a huge defeat and set back.
Thousands of Indians, Egyptians, Chinese, Filipinos, Turks, Germans, English, Italians, Malaysians, Koreans and a host of other nationalities are lining up at the borders and the airport to leave Libya. It begs the question: What were they doing in Libya in the first place? Unemployment figures, according to the Western media and Al Jazeera, are at 30%. If this is so, then why all these foreign workers?
For those of us who have lived and worked in Libya, there are many complexities to the current situation that have been completely overlooked by the Western media and ‘Westoxicated’ analysts, who have nothing other than a Eurocentric perspective to draw on. Let us be clear – there is no possibility of understanding what is happening in Libya within a Eurocentric framework. Westerners are incapable of understanding a system unless the system emanates from or is attached in some way to the West. Libya’s system and the battle now taking place on its soil, stands completely outside of the Western imagination.
News coverage by the BBC, CNN and Al Jazeera has been oversimplified and misleading. An array of anti-Qaddafi spokespersons, most living outside Libya, have been paraded in front of us – each one clearly a counter-revolutionary and less credible than the last. Despite the clear and irrefutable evidence from the beginning of these protests that Muammar Qaddafi had considerable support both inside Libya and internationally, not one pro-Qaddafi voice has been allowed to air. The media and their selected commentators have done their best to manufacture an opinion that Libya is essentially the same as Egypt and Tunisia and that Qaddafi is just another tyrant amassing large sums of money in Swiss bank accounts. But no matter how hard they try, they cannot make Qaddafi into a Mubarak or Libya into Egypt.
The first question is: Is the revolt taking place in Libya fuelled by a concern over economic issues such as poverty and unemployment as the media would have us believe? Let us examine the facts.
Under the revolutionary leadership of Muammar Qaddafi, Libya has attained the highest standard of living in Africa. In 2007, in an article which appeared in the African Executive Magazine, Norah Owaraga noted that Libya, “unlike other oil producing countries such as Nigeria and Saudi Arabia, utilized the revenue from its oil to develop its country. The standard of living of the people of Libya is one of the highest in Africa, falling in the category of countries with a GNP per capita of between USD 2,200 and 6,000.”
This is all the more remarkable when we consider that in 1951 Libya was officially the poorest country in the world. According to the World Bank, the per capita income was less than $50 a year – even lower than India. Today, all Libyans own their own homes and cars. Two Fleet Street journalists, David Blundy and Andrew Lycett, who are by no means supporters of the Libyan revolution, had this to say:
“The young people are well dressed, well fed and well educated. Libyans now earn more per capita than the British. The disparity in annual incomes… is smaller than in most countries. Libya’s wealth has been fairly spread throughout society. Every Libyan gets free, and often excellent, education, medical and health services. New colleges and hospitals are impressive by any international standard. All Libyans have a house or a flat, a car and most have televisions, video recorders and telephones. Compared with most citizens of the Third World countries, and with many in the First World, Libyans have it very good indeed.”1
Large scale housing construction has taken place right across the country. Every citizen has been given a decent house or apartment to live in rent-free. In Qaddafi’s Green Book it states: “The house is a basic need of both the individual and the family, therefore it should not be owned by others.” This dictum has now become a reality for the Libyan people.
Large scale agricultural projects have been implemented in an effort to “make the desert bloom” and achieve self-sufficiency in food production. Any Libyan who wants to become a farmer is given free use of land, a house, farm equipment, some livestock and seed.
Today, Libya can boast one of the finest health care systems in the Arab and African World. All people have access to doctors, hospitals, clinics and medicines, completely free of all charges. The fact is that the Libyan revolution has achieved such a high standard of living for its people that they import labor from other parts of the world to do the jobs that the unemployed Libyans refuse to do. Libya has been called by many observers inside and out, “a nation of shop keepers.” It is part of the Libyan Arab psyche to own your own small business and this type of small scale private enterprise flourishes in Libya. We can draw on many examples of Libyans with young sons who expressed the idea that it would be shameful for the family if these same young men were to seek menial work and instead preferred for them to remain at home supported by the extended family.
No system is perfect, and Libya is no exception. They suffered nine years of economic sanctions and this caused huge problems for the Libyan economy. Also, there is nowhere on planet earth that has escaped the monumental crisis of neo-liberal capitalism. It has impacted everywhere – even on post revolutionary societies that have rejected “free market” capitalism. However, what we are saying is that severe economic injustice is not at the heart of this conflict. So then, what is?
A Battle for Africa
The battle that is being waged in Libya is fundamentally a battle between Pan-African forces on the one hand, who are dedicated to the realization of Qaddafi’s vision of a united Africa, and reactionary racist Libyan Arab forces who reject Qaddafi’s vision of Libya as part of a united Africa and want to ally themselves instead with the EU and look toward Europe and the Arab World for Libya’s future.
One of Muammar Qaddafi’s most controversial and difficult moves in the eyes of many Libyans was his championing of Africa and his determined drive to unite Africa with one currency, one army and a shared vision regarding the true independence and liberation of the entire continent. He has contributed large amounts of his time and energy and large sums of money to this project and like Kwame Nkrumah, he has paid a high price.
Many of the Libyan people did not approve of this move. They wanted their leader to look towards Europe. Of course, Libya has extensive investments and commercial ties with Europe but the Libyans know that Qaddafi’s heart is in Africa.
Many years ago, Qaddafi told a large gathering, which included Libyans and revolutionaries from many parts of the world, that the Black Africans were the true owners of Libya long before the Arab incursion into North Africa, and that Libyans need to acknowledge and pay tribute to their ancient African roots. He ended by saying, as is proclaimed in his Green Book, that “the Black race shall prevail throughout the world.” This is not what many Libyans wanted to hear. As with all fair skinned Arabs, prejudice against Black Africans is endemic.
Brother Leader, Guide of the Revolution and King of Kings are some of the titles that have been bestowed on Qaddafi by Africans. Only last month Qaddafi called for the creation of a Secretariat of traditional African Chiefs and Kings, with whom he has excellent ties, to co-ordinate efforts to build African unity at the grassroots level throughout the continent, a bottom up approach, as opposed to trying to build unity at the government/state level, an approach which has failed the African unification project since the days of Kwame Nkrumah and Sekou Toure. This bottom up approach is widely supported by many Pan Africanists worldwide.
African Mercenaries or Freedom Fighters?
In the past week, the phrase “African mercenaries” has been repeated over and over by the media and the selected Libyan citizens they choose to speak to have, as one commentator put it, “spat the word ‘African’ with a venomous hatred.”
The media has assumed, without any research or understanding of the situation because they are refusing to give any air time to pro-Qaddafi forces, that the many Africans in military uniform fighting alongside the pro-Qaddafi Libyan forces are mercenaries. However, it is a myth that the Africans fighting to defend the Jamahiriya and Muammar Qaddafi are mercenaries being paid a few dollars and this assumption is based solely on the usual racist and contemptuous view of Black Africans.
Actually, in truth, there are people all over Africa and the African Diaspora who support and respect Muammar Qaddafi as a result of his invaluable contribution to the worldwide struggle for African emancipation.
Over the past two decades, thousands of Africans from all over the continent were provided with education, work and military training – many of them coming from liberation movements. As a result of Libya’s support for liberation movements throughout Africa and the world, international battalions were formed. These battalions saw themselves as a part of the Libyan revolution, and took it upon themselves to defend the revolution against attacks from within its borders or outside.
These are the Africans who are fighting to defend Qaddafi and the gains of the Libyan revolution to their death if need be. It is not unlike what happened when internationalist battalions came to the aid of the revolutionary forces against Franco’s fascist forces in Spain.
Malian political analyst, Adam Thiam, notes that “thousands of Tuaregs who were enrolled in the Islamic Legion established by the Libyan revolution remained in Libya and they are enrolled in the Libyan security forces.”
African Migrants under Attack
As African fighters from Chad, Niger, Mali, Ghana, Kenya and Southern Sudan (it should be noted that Libya supported the Sudanese People’s Liberation Army under John Garang in their war of liberation against Arab hegemonists in Khartoum, while all other Arab leaders backed the Khartoum regime) fight to defend this African revolution, a million African refugees and thousands of African migrant workers stand the risk of being murdered as a result of their perceived support for Qaddafi.
One Turkish construction worker described a massacre: “We had 70-80 people from Chad working for our company. They were cut dead with pruning shears and axes, attackers saying: ‘You are providing troops for Qaddafi. The Sudanese were also massacred. We saw it for ourselves.”
This is a far cry from what is being portrayed in the media as “peaceful protesters” being set upon by pro-Qaddafi forces. In fact, footage of the Benghazi revolt shows men with machetes, AK 47s and RPGs. In the Green Book, Qaddafi argues for the transfer of all power, wealth and arms directly into the hands of the people themselves. No one can deny that the Libyan populace is heavily armed. This is part of Qaddafi’s philosophy of arms not being monopolised by any section of the society, including the armed forces. It must be said that it is not usual practice for tyrants and dictators to arm their population.
Qaddafi has also been very vocal regarding the plight of Africans who migrate to Europe, where they are met with racism, more poverty, violence at the hands of extreme right wing groups and in many cases death, when the un-seaworthy boats they travel in sink.
Moved by their plight, a conference was held in Libya in January this year, to address their needs and concerns. More than 500 delegates and speakers from around the world attended the conference titled “A Decent Life in Europe or a Welcome Return to Africa.”
“We should live in Europe with decency and dignity,” Qaddafi told participants. “We need a good relationship with Europe not a relationship of master and slave. There should be a strong relationship between Africa and Europe. Our presence should be strong, tangible and good. It’s up to you as the Africans in the Diaspora. We have to continue more and more until the unity of Africa is achieved.
From now on, by the will of God, I will assign teams to search, investigate and liaise with the Africans in Europe and to check their situations…this is my duty and role towards the sons of Africa; I am a soldier for Africa. I am here for you and I work for you; therefore, I will not leave you and I will follow up on your conditions.”
Joint committees of African migrants, the United Nations, the African Union, the European Union and international organizations present at the conference discussed the need to coordinate the implementation of many of the conference’s recommendations.
Statements are appearing all over the internet from Africans who have a different view to that being perpetuated by those intent on discrediting Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution. One African commented:
When I was growing up I first read a comic book of his revolution at the age of ten. Since then, as dictators came and went, Colonel Qaddafi has made an impression on me as a man who truly loves Africa! Libyans could complain that he spent their wealth on other Africans! But those Africans he helped put in power, built schools and mosques and brought in many forms of development showing that Africans can do for themselves. If those Africans would abandon him to be swallowed by Western Imperialism and their lies and just let him go as a dictator in the name of so-called democracy…if they could do that…they should receive the names and fate that the Western press gives our beloved leader. If there is any one person who was half as generous as he is, let them step forward.
And another African comments:
This man has been accused of many things and listening to the West who just recently were happy to accept his generous hospitality, you will think that he is worse than Hitler. The racism and contemptuous attitudes of Arabs towards Black Africans has made me a natural sceptic of any overtures from them to forge a closer link with Black Africa but Qaddafi was an exception.
Opportunistic Revolt
This counter-revolutionary revolt caught everyone, including the Libyan authorities, by surprise. They knew what the media is not reporting: that unlike Egypt and Tunisia and other countries in the region, where there is tremendous poverty, unemployment and repressive pro-Western regimes, the Libyan dynamic was entirely different. However, an array of opportunistic forces, ranging from so-called Islamists, Arab-Supremacists, including some of those who have recently defected from Qaddafi’s inner circle, have used the events in neighbouring countries as a pretext to stage a coup and to advance their own agenda for the Libyan nation. Many of these former officials were the authors of, and covertly fuelled the anti-African pogrom in Libya a few years ago when many Africans lost their lives in street battles between Africans and Arab Libyans. This was a deliberate attempt to embarrass Qaddafi and to undermine his efforts in Africa.
Qaddafi has long been a thorn in the Islamists side. In his recent address to the Libyan people, broadcast from the ruins of the Bab al-Azizia compound bombed by Reagan in 1986, he asked the “bearded ones” in Benghazi and Jabal al Akhdar where they were when Reagan bombed his compound in Tripoli, killing hundreds of Libyans, including his daughter. He said they were hiding in their homes applauding the US and he vowed that he would never allow the country to be returned to the grip of them and their colonial masters.
Al Qaeda is in the Sahara on his borders and the International Union of Muslim Scholars is calling for him to be tried in a court. One asks why are they calling for Qaddafi’s blood? Why not Mubarak who closed the Rafah Border Crossing while the Israeli’s slaughtered the Palestinians in Gaza. Why not Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld and Blair who are responsible for the murder of millions of Muslims in Iraq and Afghanistan?
“An array of opportunistic forces, ranging from so-called Islamists, Arab-Supremacists, including some of those who have recently defected from Qaddafi’s inner circle, have used the events in neighbouring countries as a pretext to stage a coup.”
The answer is simple – because Qaddafi committed some “cardinal sins.” He dared to challenge their reactionary and feudal notions of Islam. He has upheld the idea that every Muslim is a ruler (Caliph) and does not need the Ulema to interpret the Quran for them. He has questioned the Islam of the Muslim Brotherhood and Al Qaeda from a Quranic/theological perspective and is one of the few political leaders equipped to do so. Qaddafi has been called a Mujaddid (this term refers to a person who appears to revive Islam and to purge it of alien elements, restoring it to its authentic form) and he comes in the tradition of Jamaludeen Afghani and the late Iranian revolutionary, Ali Shariati.
Libya is a deeply traditional society, plagued with some outmoded and bankrupt ideas that continue to surface to this day. In many ways, Qaddafi has had to struggle against the same reactionary aspects of Arab culture and tradition that the holy prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was struggling against in 7th century Arabia – Arab supremacy/racism, supremacy of family and tribe, historical feuding tribe against tribe and the marginalisation of women. Benghazi has always been at the heart of counter-revolution in Libya, fostering reactionary Islamic movements such as the Wahhabis and Salafists. It is these people who founded the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group based in Benghazi which allies itself with Al Qaeda and who have, over the years, been responsible for the assassination of leading members of the Libyan revolutionary committees.
These forces hate Qaddafi’s revolutionary reading of the Quran. They foster an Islam concerned with outward trappings and mere religiosity, in the form of rituals, which at the same time is feudal and repressive, while rejecting the liberatory spirituality of Islam. While these so-called Islamists are opposed to Western occupation of Muslim lands, they have no concrete programmatic platform for meaningful socio-economic and political transformation to advance their societies beyond semi-feudal and capitalist systems which reinforce the most backward and reactionary ideas and traditions. Qaddafi’s political philosophy, as outlined in the Green Book, rejects unfettered capitalism in all its manifestations, including the “State capitalism” of the former communist countries and the neo-liberal capitalist model that has been imposed at a global level. The idea that capitalism is not compatible with Islam and the Quran is not palatable to many Arabs and so-called Islamists because they hold onto the fallacious notion that business and trade is synonymous with capitalism.
Getting it Right
Whatever the mistakes made by Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution, its gains and its huge contribution to the struggle of oppressed peoples worldwide cannot and must not be ignored. Saif Qaddafi, when asked about the position of his father and family, said this battle is not about one man and his family, it is about Libya and the direction it will take.
That direction has always been controversial. In 1982, The World Mathaba was established in Libya. Mathaba means a gathering place for people with a common purpose. The World Mathaba brought together revolutionaries and freedom fighters from every corner of the globe to share ideas and develop their revolutionary knowledge. Many liberation groups throughout the world received education, training and support from Muammar Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution including ANC, AZAPO, PAC and BCM of Azania (South Africa), SWAPO of Namibia, MPLA of Angola, The Sandinistas of Nicaragua, The Polisario of the Sahara, the PLO, The Native American Movements throughout the Americas, The Nation of Islam led by Louis Farrakhan to name but a few. Nelson Mandela called Muammar Qaddafi one of this century’s greatest freedom fighters, and insisted that the eventual collapse of the apartheid system owed much to Qaddafi and Libyan support. Mandela said that in the darkest moments of their struggle, when their backs were to the wall, it was Muammar Qaddafi who stood with them. The late African freedom fighter, Kwame Ture, referred to Qaddafi as “a diamond in a cesspool of African misleaders.”
The hideous notion being perpetuated by the media and reactionary forces, inside and outside of Libya, that this is just another story of a bloated dictatorship that has run its course is mis-information and deliberate distortion. Whatever one’s opinions of Qaddafi the man, no one can deny his invaluable contribution to human emancipation and the universal truths outlined in his Green Book.
Progressive scholars in many parts of the world, including the West, have acclaimed The Green Book as an incisive critique of capitalism and the Western Parliamentary model of multi-party democracy. In addition, there is no denying that the system of direct democracy posited by Qaddafi in The Green Book offers an alternative model and solution for Africa and the Third World, where multi-party so-called democracy has been a dismal failure, resulting in poverty, ethnic and tribal conflict and chaos.
Every revolution, since the beginning of time, has defended itself against those who would want to roll back its gains. Europeans should look back into their own bloody history to see that this includes the American, French and Bolshevik revolutions. Marxists speak of Trotsky and Lenin’s brutal suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion by the Red Army as being a “tragic necessity.”
Let’s get it right: The battle in Libya is not about peaceful protestors versus an armed and hostile State. All sides are heavily armed and hostile. The battle being waged in Libya is essentially a battle between those who want to see a united and liberated Libya and Africa, free of neo-colonialism and neo-liberal capitalism and free to construct their own system of governance compatible with the African and Arab personalities and cultures and those who find this entire notion repugnant. And both sides are willing to pay the ultimate price to defend their positions.
Make no mistake, if Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution are defeated by this opportunistic conglomerate of reactionaries and racists, then progressive forces worldwide and the Pan African project will suffer a huge defeat and set back.
Wednesday, 22 June 2011
中国并非什么武术大国 只是“武侠文艺大国”
民国以来,武术被尊为“国术”,在许多人的心目中,中国武术天下无敌。但中国武术的实战能力究竟如何,我们却很难拿出可靠的证据。有关中国武术天下无敌的说法,其证据主要是近代以来关于霍元甲、陈真、黄飞鸿、叶问、李小龙等等的小说与影视作品。
但稍加考证,就会发现这些小说、电影绝大部分内容都是虚构的。如叶问根本就未曾与西洋拳王比赛过,霍元甲倒是曾与“西洋大力士”奥皮音相约比武,因奥皮音失约未成,但此奥皮音不过是一在上海戏园子里做健美表演的演员,并不是什么西洋高手。至于陈真这个最赚票房的“精武英雄”,其实是倪匡1972年虚构出来的,历史上根本就没有这样一个人。而所谓“武哲”、“武圣”李小龙,基本上找不到他参加过任何正式格斗比赛的证据。1924年才去世的黄飞鸿,也因为民间流传与影视作品中有关他的诸种描绘大都不可靠,而落选2007年“广东历史文化名人”。
中国武术的诸般绝技如点穴、轻功、内功,以及秘籍、灵药、易容等等物事,许多人深信不疑,但实际上皆为虚构,其来历皆可考证。这些绝技、法门的出现非常晚近,它们主要是晚清以来的小说家虚构出来的。
本文将详细展示中国武术的实战能力在秦汉以后为何萎缩,以及晚清以来又如何靠小说家言变得神乎其神。
正文:
武士阶层的缺失
中国是著名的文明古国,有人类文明就有狩猎、战争、搏击、表演,这些都与武术有密切关系,中国武术肯定源远流长。中国先秦是一个“侠以武犯禁”的时代,从韩非子《五蠹》中可见一斑。迄至汉代,社会上仍有一个身份明显的“游侠”群体存在,《史记》中有《游侠列传》记之。作为“五蠹”之一的“侠”实际上是列国诸侯、贵族所养的门客,是效力于个人的武士集团。而司马迁笔下的汉代“游侠”则本是些布衣之徒,他们以个人之力,除暴安良,主持正义。可以说,由于存在 “侠”这样一个以武装保卫、复仇、刺杀、私斗等为职业,崇尚个人勇力的社会阶层,在先秦以至汉代,中国武术的实战技击水平应不低于同时代的其他国家。
但是,从世界历史上来看,武士阶层一般都是在封建贵族体制下,政治权力分散化的产物。如西方骑士阶层兴于欧洲中世纪“国王”与各“领主”共治的政治社会架构下,日本的武士阶层兴于10-19世纪“幕府”与各“大名”共治的政治格局中。政治权力分散,国家的武装力量也趋于分散,以小规模的武士集团为主。这样的体制之下,诸侯武力争斗频繁,但战斗规模也较小,武士个人的武勇非常重要。
而在中央集权的大一统体制下,国家权力集中于皇帝一人之手,皇权自上到下,一以贯之。民间的武装力量必须被铲除,才不会对独尊的皇权形成威胁。武装力量集中为只听命于最高统治者的大规模军队,同时,国家推行重文抑武的基本社会政策。由于整个国家只有一个独大的皇家武装集团,所以一般不会发生战争。一旦爆发战争,基本上都是针对外敌入侵或改朝换代的大规模战争。中国从秦、汉开始,封建贵族体制退出历史舞台,中央集权的大一统体制被建立并逐渐成熟起来。到汉以后,作为一个社会阶层的武士集团、游侠群体就被完全剪除,销声匿迹了。
在中世纪的欧洲与日本,武士阶层是封建贵族体制的重要组成部分。武士之间的比武格斗、甚至决斗得到官方支持,成为一种制度,这自然是他们达到高水平的武术技击能力的保证。欧洲骑士制度一直到近代才终结,西方人的尚武、决斗之风也一直延续了下来。比如著名的法国数学家伽罗瓦就死于决斗,普希金也死于决斗,著名的联邦党人亚历山大·汉密尔顿则死于同其政敌、美国副总统阿龙·伯尔的决斗。日本的武士制度也一直持续到明治维新才终结,日本成为东方世界最尚武的民族,发展出所谓“武士道”。当今世界最顶尖的两大综合搏击赛会UFC和K-1分别在美国和日本也并不是偶然的。而在中国近两千年的历史上,重文抑武是基本国策,现实生活中缺乏一个实实在在的武士阶层,缺乏制度性的格斗赛会的历练、经验,中国的武术实战能力可想而知。
战争能造就武术高手吗?
另一方面,中国古代没有武士制度,但战争之频繁、规模之宏大、程度之惨烈却是无与伦比的。战争与武术自然关系紧密,战争能否为中国古代造就大批武林高手呢?
实际上,大队人马的阵地战与武士对打是有很大区别的,明代著名的军事家戚继光对这一点有非常经典的看法。大队人马作战强调的是各种兵器、各兵种的专业分工,整体配合,而不是单兵的个人武勇。在《纪效新书》中戚继光讲得很透彻:“开大阵,对大敌”不同于“场中较艺,擒捕小贼”,“堂堂之阵,千百人列队而前,勇者不得先,怯者不得后;丛枪戳来,丛枪戳去,乱刀砍来,乱杀还他,只是一齐拥进,转手皆难,焉能容得左右动跳?一人回头,大众同疑;一人转移寸步,大众亦要夺心,焉能容得或进或退?”
平定倭寇中,戚继光发明了著名的“鸳鸯阵”。鸳鸯阵是一个由12人的步兵班组成的战斗整体。除队长一名,伙夫一名外,其余士兵如下安排:最前面两人持两种不同功能的藤牌主要担任护卫工作,其后两名战士手持一丈三尺的“狼筅”扫击敌人,狼筅手后面是四名长枪手又称“杀手”担任主要的刺杀工作,最后面是两个手持“镗钯”的士兵担任警戒、支援等工作。各种兵器分工明确,每人只要精熟自己那一种的操作,有效杀敌关键在于整体配合,令行禁止。倭寇是个人武艺大大高于中国士兵的武士,但“戚家军”却在多年的抗倭战争中,几乎战无不胜,甚至还创造了歼倭上千名、而“戚家军” 无一伤亡的战例。平定倭寇后,戚继光调任蓟北防守蒙古军队,他又因地制宜,创造出以车兵、骑兵、步兵、铳手、炮手等多兵种协同作战的新的阵法。总之,大队人马作战分工合作的性质与武林高手的培养是有很大距离的。
武侠文艺的功绩
汉以后,中国的武士、游侠阶层在现实中消失了,但在文艺作品中却获得了新生,并日益“壮大”起来。而且,离开了现实的校验、提醒,侠客们的武功也日渐高强,以至“出神入化”。
中国武侠文艺第一个高峰出现在唐代。唐诗中就多有以“侠”、“剑”入诗之作。其中最著名的当属李白《侠客行》:“十步杀一人,千里不留行。事了拂衣去,深藏身与名”。区区20个字,传达出来的“武侠”意象却已十分高明:武功精湛,深不可测;行踪飘忽,凡眼难睹…… 这种意象与中国文化艺术“写意不写形”的特点恰相符合。
不过,唐朝真正的武侠文艺出现在唐传奇中。唐传奇是中国小说发展的重要阶段,从唐传奇中国小说开始摆脱史家的“实录”传统,进行艺术虚构,小说真正成为作家的自觉创作。唐传奇中的名篇《虬髯客传》、《聂隐娘》、《红线》、《昆仑奴》等豪侠故事开中国武侠文艺之先河。金庸先生就十分推崇《虬髯客传》,认为此文“或者可以说是我国武侠小说的鼻祖”。唐传奇中的武功已是十分高强,如《聂隐娘》中的刺客“空空儿”的武功:“人莫能窥其用,鬼莫得蹑其踪”,他出手只是一招,一击不中,即飘然远去,绝不出第二招,而且“才未逾一更,已千里矣”,可见轻功十分了得。这已远不是先秦刺客所能比。如《史记·刺客列传》所记专诸、豫让、荆轲等人,只是处心积虑偷袭刺杀对象,一击之后,不论中或不中,几乎只能束手待毙了。他们若有空空儿百分之一的本领,历史就要改写了。赖文学虚构之赐,中国侠客们的武术水平大大提升了。
明清是中国古典小说发展的高峰,这一时期,武侠小说真正形成并兴盛起来,中国武术绝技也被越抬越高,越吹越神。《水浒传》在某种程度上可以说是一部武侠小说,据一些专家的看法,施耐庵是懂武术的,他小说中描写的一些经典武打场面尚为平实、可信。比如“武松醉打蒋门神”一幕,被认为是颇合搏击原理的。
到晚清,出现了一部真正典型意义上的武侠小说即《三侠五义》。章太炎的老师、经学大师愈樾嗜读此书,把它改订为《七侠五义》。此书晚清以来广泛流行。据台湾学者何洪生先生的研究,《七侠五义》及其续书所创造或大加发挥的元素如点穴、暗器、剑诀、轻功、闷香、夜行衣、各种机关埋伏等等,对后来的武侠小说之内容素材产生了决定性的影响,此书可以说是中国武侠小说史上的一个具有重大意义的里程碑。
一入民国,随着报刊杂志、出版业的兴起,武侠小说也迎来了一个前所未有的黄金时代,涌现出像平江不肖生、赵焕亭、王度庐、还珠楼主等一大批武侠小说名家,武侠小说几乎占了民国小说出版数量的大部分。“还珠楼主” 李寿民的《蜀山剑侠传》竟然长达五百万言,真可谓空前绝后的巨制!这一时期,大批的武术绝技、功法被创造出来。如赵焕亭在其《奇侠精忠传》中首创服食千年灵芝以使功力大增的方法,这一元素在后来的武侠小说中比比皆是。
这一时期的武侠小说对中国武术的一个最重大的贡献就是“内功”的发明。晚清武侠小说还基本不见对“内功”的描述。到20年代,平江不肖生《近代侠义英雄传》中始有“内家功夫”、“外家功夫”的区分。赵焕亭《奇侠精忠传》中首提 “罡气”,说内聚罡气可以无坚不摧,伤人余百里之外,以意驭气,则能一跃十丈,顷刻百里。这里的“罡气”就是近于内功的东西。到30年代,还珠楼主《青城十九侠》中首次提出“内功”这个说法。但民国武侠小说对内功的作用并未大加铺陈、发挥。50年代开始,梁羽生、金庸等新派武侠小说家才开始在“内功”上大做文章,中国武侠小说由之获得了一个质的飞跃。
“内功”的加入,使武术不再专注于外在形器,不再仅是徒逞匹夫之勇的打斗,而转向内在修为,上升为一种精神境界。内功高深之人,不凭宝剑暗器之利,而是草木竹石皆可为剑,飞花摘叶亦能伤人,甚至无剑胜有剑,无招胜有招。而修习内功,靠的不是肢体之锻炼,而是悟性、智慧、机缘等等。如金庸笔下的觉远和尚,本是少林寺藏经阁的一个图书管理员,从不曾习武,只嗜好读书,其人十分儒雅,“宛然便是位书生相公”,但他在读书中不知不觉就练成了绝世内功。内功的加入,使武侠小说与东方哲学精神更加契合,武侠小说被抬到相当高的哲学文化层次。武侠小说逐渐文人化,其受众不再局限于一般市民,欣赏层次较高的知识分子也开始趋之若鹜。这正是近些年来金庸被抬上庙堂的主要原因。
总之,中国武术的诸般绝技如点穴、轻功、内功,以及秘籍、灵药、易容等等物事,许多人深信不疑,实际上皆为虚构,历历可考。
“花拳绣腿”
秦、汉以后,虽然没有武士阶层、缺乏体制性的格斗比赛的支持,但在现实生活中,中国武术仍在发展——日益向套路表演的方向发展,既有单人套路,又有对练套路。套路表演不以实战为目的,而以健身、娱乐为目的,逐渐与舞蹈、戏剧融合。“项庄舞剑,意在沛公”是中国人耳熟能详的故事,这里的舞剑就是套路表演。唐时武术套路表演已相当成熟。杜甫的名诗《剑器行》描写的就是唐朝著名艺人公孙大娘舞剑的景象:“昔有佳人公孙氏,一舞剑器动四方。观者如山色沮丧,天地为之久低昂”,这就是把剑术与舞蹈相融合的一种表演。李白自称“十五好剑术”,他的剑术也主要是用来表演的,比如他的好友崔宗之说他“起舞拂长剑,四座皆扬眉”。至于说他曾“手刃数人”,应多是夸张之辞,李白不是掌刑的刽子手,岂能随便杀人。
另外,历朝历代民间发展出大量模拟动物动作的象形类拳术,如猴拳、蛇拳、螳螂拳等等。这些拳术经常号称是由某民间人士独自观摩动物的动作、厮打而悟出来的攻杀绝技,实际上主要都是些用来娱乐表演的“花架”、“花法”。中国武术长期以来脱离实战的方向,而向套路表演发展,使中国武术的观赏性、艺术感确实发展到相当高的水平,成为中国特色,也成就了现代中国蔚为大观的武侠影视。
中国武术长期专于套路表演,缺乏实战性,对这一点,自古以来就多有批评者。比如,戚继光就极为反对军中流行的那些受民间武术影响的花拳绣腿。他说,“凡比较武艺,务要俱照示学习实敌本事,真可对搏打者。不许仍学习花枪等法,徒支虚架,以图人前美观”,“杀人的勾当,岂是好看的?”他指出,那些“周旋左右,满片花草”的“套数”、“花法”,“不惟无益,且学熟误人第一”,“庶无花法,而堪实用也”。《纪效新书》中也载有一套拳法,即“三十二势长拳”,但是用来做体操锻炼的,戚继光说得很清楚:“拳法似无预於大战之技,然活动手足,惯勤肢体,此为初学入艺之门也。”当代,对泛滥的套路表演,也有业内人士尖锐地指出:“其难度比不过体操,惊险比不过杂技,真不知这样的武术应当叫什么”。
中国武术实战能力展望
套路表演是中国武术的特长。清代后期开始涌现大量的哲理化拳派,比如以太极立论的太极拳,以八卦立论的八卦掌,比附五行的形意拳,等等,讲解武术的哲理也成为我们的特长。这都为西方人所不及。民国以来,武术被尊为“国术”,在许多人的心目中,中国武术天下无敌。但中国武术的实战能力究竟如何,我们却很难拿出可靠的证据。有关中国武术天下无敌的说法,其证据主要是近代以来关于霍元甲、陈真、黄飞鸿、叶问、李小龙等等的小说与影视作品。但稍加考证,就会发现这些小说、电影绝大部分内容都是虚构的。如叶问根本就未曾与西洋拳王比赛过,霍元甲倒是曾与“西洋大力士”奥皮音相约比武,因奥皮音失约未成,但此奥皮音不过是一在上海戏园子里做健美表演的演员,并不是什么西洋高手。至于陈真这个最赚票房的“精武英雄”,其实是倪匡1972年虚构出来的,历史上根本就没有这样一个人。而所谓“武哲”、“武圣”李小龙,基本上找不到他参加过任何正式格斗比赛的证据。1924年才去世的黄飞鸿,也因为民间流传与影视作品中有关他的诸种描绘大都不可靠,而落选2007年“广东历史文化名人”。
实际上,真正的武林高手,都是在职业化的背景下,用科学、系统的训练方法,通过大量的实战搏击而练就的,胜负凭的是力量、速度、技术、经验等因素的综合。靠口授心传,苦读某本“秘笈”,或在深山老林中观摩某种动物的动作,一朝顿悟而成绝世高手,纯属小说家言。
中国武术长期以来缺乏实战能力,我们毋庸讳言。不过我们也不必妄自菲薄。实际上,只要我们抛开那些迷信、玄想,引入科学的训练方法,获得有力的制度支持,中国武术的实战能力也是完全可以达到极高的水平的。第二届中国武术职业联赛(WMA)于2010年底开锣,本届联赛进行了许多向UFC、K-1等国际赛会看齐的改革,取消了上届“攻击技法必须是太极30招”等等荒唐规定,相信必能大大促进中国拳手的综合搏击水平。一些专家也预言,在75-85公斤这个级别,中国拳手将来会在国际赛会上大有作为。
富有观赏性的套路表演我们毋须丢弃。实际上,套路表演与实战格斗完全可以并行不悖、以至相得益彰地发展下去。病树前头万木春,我们期待“国术”重焕青春。
但稍加考证,就会发现这些小说、电影绝大部分内容都是虚构的。如叶问根本就未曾与西洋拳王比赛过,霍元甲倒是曾与“西洋大力士”奥皮音相约比武,因奥皮音失约未成,但此奥皮音不过是一在上海戏园子里做健美表演的演员,并不是什么西洋高手。至于陈真这个最赚票房的“精武英雄”,其实是倪匡1972年虚构出来的,历史上根本就没有这样一个人。而所谓“武哲”、“武圣”李小龙,基本上找不到他参加过任何正式格斗比赛的证据。1924年才去世的黄飞鸿,也因为民间流传与影视作品中有关他的诸种描绘大都不可靠,而落选2007年“广东历史文化名人”。
中国武术的诸般绝技如点穴、轻功、内功,以及秘籍、灵药、易容等等物事,许多人深信不疑,但实际上皆为虚构,其来历皆可考证。这些绝技、法门的出现非常晚近,它们主要是晚清以来的小说家虚构出来的。
本文将详细展示中国武术的实战能力在秦汉以后为何萎缩,以及晚清以来又如何靠小说家言变得神乎其神。
正文:
武士阶层的缺失
中国是著名的文明古国,有人类文明就有狩猎、战争、搏击、表演,这些都与武术有密切关系,中国武术肯定源远流长。中国先秦是一个“侠以武犯禁”的时代,从韩非子《五蠹》中可见一斑。迄至汉代,社会上仍有一个身份明显的“游侠”群体存在,《史记》中有《游侠列传》记之。作为“五蠹”之一的“侠”实际上是列国诸侯、贵族所养的门客,是效力于个人的武士集团。而司马迁笔下的汉代“游侠”则本是些布衣之徒,他们以个人之力,除暴安良,主持正义。可以说,由于存在 “侠”这样一个以武装保卫、复仇、刺杀、私斗等为职业,崇尚个人勇力的社会阶层,在先秦以至汉代,中国武术的实战技击水平应不低于同时代的其他国家。
但是,从世界历史上来看,武士阶层一般都是在封建贵族体制下,政治权力分散化的产物。如西方骑士阶层兴于欧洲中世纪“国王”与各“领主”共治的政治社会架构下,日本的武士阶层兴于10-19世纪“幕府”与各“大名”共治的政治格局中。政治权力分散,国家的武装力量也趋于分散,以小规模的武士集团为主。这样的体制之下,诸侯武力争斗频繁,但战斗规模也较小,武士个人的武勇非常重要。
而在中央集权的大一统体制下,国家权力集中于皇帝一人之手,皇权自上到下,一以贯之。民间的武装力量必须被铲除,才不会对独尊的皇权形成威胁。武装力量集中为只听命于最高统治者的大规模军队,同时,国家推行重文抑武的基本社会政策。由于整个国家只有一个独大的皇家武装集团,所以一般不会发生战争。一旦爆发战争,基本上都是针对外敌入侵或改朝换代的大规模战争。中国从秦、汉开始,封建贵族体制退出历史舞台,中央集权的大一统体制被建立并逐渐成熟起来。到汉以后,作为一个社会阶层的武士集团、游侠群体就被完全剪除,销声匿迹了。
在中世纪的欧洲与日本,武士阶层是封建贵族体制的重要组成部分。武士之间的比武格斗、甚至决斗得到官方支持,成为一种制度,这自然是他们达到高水平的武术技击能力的保证。欧洲骑士制度一直到近代才终结,西方人的尚武、决斗之风也一直延续了下来。比如著名的法国数学家伽罗瓦就死于决斗,普希金也死于决斗,著名的联邦党人亚历山大·汉密尔顿则死于同其政敌、美国副总统阿龙·伯尔的决斗。日本的武士制度也一直持续到明治维新才终结,日本成为东方世界最尚武的民族,发展出所谓“武士道”。当今世界最顶尖的两大综合搏击赛会UFC和K-1分别在美国和日本也并不是偶然的。而在中国近两千年的历史上,重文抑武是基本国策,现实生活中缺乏一个实实在在的武士阶层,缺乏制度性的格斗赛会的历练、经验,中国的武术实战能力可想而知。
战争能造就武术高手吗?
另一方面,中国古代没有武士制度,但战争之频繁、规模之宏大、程度之惨烈却是无与伦比的。战争与武术自然关系紧密,战争能否为中国古代造就大批武林高手呢?
实际上,大队人马的阵地战与武士对打是有很大区别的,明代著名的军事家戚继光对这一点有非常经典的看法。大队人马作战强调的是各种兵器、各兵种的专业分工,整体配合,而不是单兵的个人武勇。在《纪效新书》中戚继光讲得很透彻:“开大阵,对大敌”不同于“场中较艺,擒捕小贼”,“堂堂之阵,千百人列队而前,勇者不得先,怯者不得后;丛枪戳来,丛枪戳去,乱刀砍来,乱杀还他,只是一齐拥进,转手皆难,焉能容得左右动跳?一人回头,大众同疑;一人转移寸步,大众亦要夺心,焉能容得或进或退?”
平定倭寇中,戚继光发明了著名的“鸳鸯阵”。鸳鸯阵是一个由12人的步兵班组成的战斗整体。除队长一名,伙夫一名外,其余士兵如下安排:最前面两人持两种不同功能的藤牌主要担任护卫工作,其后两名战士手持一丈三尺的“狼筅”扫击敌人,狼筅手后面是四名长枪手又称“杀手”担任主要的刺杀工作,最后面是两个手持“镗钯”的士兵担任警戒、支援等工作。各种兵器分工明确,每人只要精熟自己那一种的操作,有效杀敌关键在于整体配合,令行禁止。倭寇是个人武艺大大高于中国士兵的武士,但“戚家军”却在多年的抗倭战争中,几乎战无不胜,甚至还创造了歼倭上千名、而“戚家军” 无一伤亡的战例。平定倭寇后,戚继光调任蓟北防守蒙古军队,他又因地制宜,创造出以车兵、骑兵、步兵、铳手、炮手等多兵种协同作战的新的阵法。总之,大队人马作战分工合作的性质与武林高手的培养是有很大距离的。
武侠文艺的功绩
汉以后,中国的武士、游侠阶层在现实中消失了,但在文艺作品中却获得了新生,并日益“壮大”起来。而且,离开了现实的校验、提醒,侠客们的武功也日渐高强,以至“出神入化”。
中国武侠文艺第一个高峰出现在唐代。唐诗中就多有以“侠”、“剑”入诗之作。其中最著名的当属李白《侠客行》:“十步杀一人,千里不留行。事了拂衣去,深藏身与名”。区区20个字,传达出来的“武侠”意象却已十分高明:武功精湛,深不可测;行踪飘忽,凡眼难睹…… 这种意象与中国文化艺术“写意不写形”的特点恰相符合。
不过,唐朝真正的武侠文艺出现在唐传奇中。唐传奇是中国小说发展的重要阶段,从唐传奇中国小说开始摆脱史家的“实录”传统,进行艺术虚构,小说真正成为作家的自觉创作。唐传奇中的名篇《虬髯客传》、《聂隐娘》、《红线》、《昆仑奴》等豪侠故事开中国武侠文艺之先河。金庸先生就十分推崇《虬髯客传》,认为此文“或者可以说是我国武侠小说的鼻祖”。唐传奇中的武功已是十分高强,如《聂隐娘》中的刺客“空空儿”的武功:“人莫能窥其用,鬼莫得蹑其踪”,他出手只是一招,一击不中,即飘然远去,绝不出第二招,而且“才未逾一更,已千里矣”,可见轻功十分了得。这已远不是先秦刺客所能比。如《史记·刺客列传》所记专诸、豫让、荆轲等人,只是处心积虑偷袭刺杀对象,一击之后,不论中或不中,几乎只能束手待毙了。他们若有空空儿百分之一的本领,历史就要改写了。赖文学虚构之赐,中国侠客们的武术水平大大提升了。
明清是中国古典小说发展的高峰,这一时期,武侠小说真正形成并兴盛起来,中国武术绝技也被越抬越高,越吹越神。《水浒传》在某种程度上可以说是一部武侠小说,据一些专家的看法,施耐庵是懂武术的,他小说中描写的一些经典武打场面尚为平实、可信。比如“武松醉打蒋门神”一幕,被认为是颇合搏击原理的。
到晚清,出现了一部真正典型意义上的武侠小说即《三侠五义》。章太炎的老师、经学大师愈樾嗜读此书,把它改订为《七侠五义》。此书晚清以来广泛流行。据台湾学者何洪生先生的研究,《七侠五义》及其续书所创造或大加发挥的元素如点穴、暗器、剑诀、轻功、闷香、夜行衣、各种机关埋伏等等,对后来的武侠小说之内容素材产生了决定性的影响,此书可以说是中国武侠小说史上的一个具有重大意义的里程碑。
一入民国,随着报刊杂志、出版业的兴起,武侠小说也迎来了一个前所未有的黄金时代,涌现出像平江不肖生、赵焕亭、王度庐、还珠楼主等一大批武侠小说名家,武侠小说几乎占了民国小说出版数量的大部分。“还珠楼主” 李寿民的《蜀山剑侠传》竟然长达五百万言,真可谓空前绝后的巨制!这一时期,大批的武术绝技、功法被创造出来。如赵焕亭在其《奇侠精忠传》中首创服食千年灵芝以使功力大增的方法,这一元素在后来的武侠小说中比比皆是。
这一时期的武侠小说对中国武术的一个最重大的贡献就是“内功”的发明。晚清武侠小说还基本不见对“内功”的描述。到20年代,平江不肖生《近代侠义英雄传》中始有“内家功夫”、“外家功夫”的区分。赵焕亭《奇侠精忠传》中首提 “罡气”,说内聚罡气可以无坚不摧,伤人余百里之外,以意驭气,则能一跃十丈,顷刻百里。这里的“罡气”就是近于内功的东西。到30年代,还珠楼主《青城十九侠》中首次提出“内功”这个说法。但民国武侠小说对内功的作用并未大加铺陈、发挥。50年代开始,梁羽生、金庸等新派武侠小说家才开始在“内功”上大做文章,中国武侠小说由之获得了一个质的飞跃。
“内功”的加入,使武术不再专注于外在形器,不再仅是徒逞匹夫之勇的打斗,而转向内在修为,上升为一种精神境界。内功高深之人,不凭宝剑暗器之利,而是草木竹石皆可为剑,飞花摘叶亦能伤人,甚至无剑胜有剑,无招胜有招。而修习内功,靠的不是肢体之锻炼,而是悟性、智慧、机缘等等。如金庸笔下的觉远和尚,本是少林寺藏经阁的一个图书管理员,从不曾习武,只嗜好读书,其人十分儒雅,“宛然便是位书生相公”,但他在读书中不知不觉就练成了绝世内功。内功的加入,使武侠小说与东方哲学精神更加契合,武侠小说被抬到相当高的哲学文化层次。武侠小说逐渐文人化,其受众不再局限于一般市民,欣赏层次较高的知识分子也开始趋之若鹜。这正是近些年来金庸被抬上庙堂的主要原因。
总之,中国武术的诸般绝技如点穴、轻功、内功,以及秘籍、灵药、易容等等物事,许多人深信不疑,实际上皆为虚构,历历可考。
“花拳绣腿”
秦、汉以后,虽然没有武士阶层、缺乏体制性的格斗比赛的支持,但在现实生活中,中国武术仍在发展——日益向套路表演的方向发展,既有单人套路,又有对练套路。套路表演不以实战为目的,而以健身、娱乐为目的,逐渐与舞蹈、戏剧融合。“项庄舞剑,意在沛公”是中国人耳熟能详的故事,这里的舞剑就是套路表演。唐时武术套路表演已相当成熟。杜甫的名诗《剑器行》描写的就是唐朝著名艺人公孙大娘舞剑的景象:“昔有佳人公孙氏,一舞剑器动四方。观者如山色沮丧,天地为之久低昂”,这就是把剑术与舞蹈相融合的一种表演。李白自称“十五好剑术”,他的剑术也主要是用来表演的,比如他的好友崔宗之说他“起舞拂长剑,四座皆扬眉”。至于说他曾“手刃数人”,应多是夸张之辞,李白不是掌刑的刽子手,岂能随便杀人。
另外,历朝历代民间发展出大量模拟动物动作的象形类拳术,如猴拳、蛇拳、螳螂拳等等。这些拳术经常号称是由某民间人士独自观摩动物的动作、厮打而悟出来的攻杀绝技,实际上主要都是些用来娱乐表演的“花架”、“花法”。中国武术长期以来脱离实战的方向,而向套路表演发展,使中国武术的观赏性、艺术感确实发展到相当高的水平,成为中国特色,也成就了现代中国蔚为大观的武侠影视。
中国武术长期专于套路表演,缺乏实战性,对这一点,自古以来就多有批评者。比如,戚继光就极为反对军中流行的那些受民间武术影响的花拳绣腿。他说,“凡比较武艺,务要俱照示学习实敌本事,真可对搏打者。不许仍学习花枪等法,徒支虚架,以图人前美观”,“杀人的勾当,岂是好看的?”他指出,那些“周旋左右,满片花草”的“套数”、“花法”,“不惟无益,且学熟误人第一”,“庶无花法,而堪实用也”。《纪效新书》中也载有一套拳法,即“三十二势长拳”,但是用来做体操锻炼的,戚继光说得很清楚:“拳法似无预於大战之技,然活动手足,惯勤肢体,此为初学入艺之门也。”当代,对泛滥的套路表演,也有业内人士尖锐地指出:“其难度比不过体操,惊险比不过杂技,真不知这样的武术应当叫什么”。
中国武术实战能力展望
套路表演是中国武术的特长。清代后期开始涌现大量的哲理化拳派,比如以太极立论的太极拳,以八卦立论的八卦掌,比附五行的形意拳,等等,讲解武术的哲理也成为我们的特长。这都为西方人所不及。民国以来,武术被尊为“国术”,在许多人的心目中,中国武术天下无敌。但中国武术的实战能力究竟如何,我们却很难拿出可靠的证据。有关中国武术天下无敌的说法,其证据主要是近代以来关于霍元甲、陈真、黄飞鸿、叶问、李小龙等等的小说与影视作品。但稍加考证,就会发现这些小说、电影绝大部分内容都是虚构的。如叶问根本就未曾与西洋拳王比赛过,霍元甲倒是曾与“西洋大力士”奥皮音相约比武,因奥皮音失约未成,但此奥皮音不过是一在上海戏园子里做健美表演的演员,并不是什么西洋高手。至于陈真这个最赚票房的“精武英雄”,其实是倪匡1972年虚构出来的,历史上根本就没有这样一个人。而所谓“武哲”、“武圣”李小龙,基本上找不到他参加过任何正式格斗比赛的证据。1924年才去世的黄飞鸿,也因为民间流传与影视作品中有关他的诸种描绘大都不可靠,而落选2007年“广东历史文化名人”。
实际上,真正的武林高手,都是在职业化的背景下,用科学、系统的训练方法,通过大量的实战搏击而练就的,胜负凭的是力量、速度、技术、经验等因素的综合。靠口授心传,苦读某本“秘笈”,或在深山老林中观摩某种动物的动作,一朝顿悟而成绝世高手,纯属小说家言。
中国武术长期以来缺乏实战能力,我们毋庸讳言。不过我们也不必妄自菲薄。实际上,只要我们抛开那些迷信、玄想,引入科学的训练方法,获得有力的制度支持,中国武术的实战能力也是完全可以达到极高的水平的。第二届中国武术职业联赛(WMA)于2010年底开锣,本届联赛进行了许多向UFC、K-1等国际赛会看齐的改革,取消了上届“攻击技法必须是太极30招”等等荒唐规定,相信必能大大促进中国拳手的综合搏击水平。一些专家也预言,在75-85公斤这个级别,中国拳手将来会在国际赛会上大有作为。
富有观赏性的套路表演我们毋须丢弃。实际上,套路表演与实战格斗完全可以并行不悖、以至相得益彰地发展下去。病树前头万木春,我们期待“国术”重焕青春。
Tuesday, 21 June 2011
蒙克:辛亥革命与海外民运
毛泽东早在1954年曾专门讲话评价辛亥革命。他按照马克思理论的历史发展阶段,把辛亥革命说成是资本主义取代封建地主的“资产阶级民主革命”,归入人类社会发展历史上的三次大革命之一。前两次革命分别是奴隶制代替原始社会的革命和封建制代替奴隶制的革命。
毛泽东高度评价了孙中山领导的革命,说“辛亥革命后,谁要再想做皇帝,就不成了。”不过他也指出辛亥革命最后失败了。孙中山本人在国民党第一次全国代表大会也承认辛亥革命的成功“仅仅为民族解放主义”。他承认为情势所迫,不得已而与反革命专制阶级妥协,与帝国主义调和,“遂为革命第一次失败之根源”。
按照毛泽东的解释是,辛亥革命,不过是中国国家民族解放和阶级解放一系列革命当中的一个开头,最后完成推翻封建专制和官僚资产阶级的革命还需要一场由无产阶级领导的革命。1949年中共建立新国家标志着无产阶级领导的革命成功,进而开始了所谓社会主义革命。
辛亥革命、中华民国
不同于上述阶级分析的历史研究在看中国辛亥革命,以及后来反传统的激进主义革命的时候,以一贯之地认为1911年开始的民族主义革命以及后来共产党领导的革命,其方向都是朝建立现代化强国的目标的不同努力。
海外华人学者有把邓小平后来搞市场经济改革也看作近代中国自强和现代化的最新努力。美国历史学者周瑞锡也认为辛亥革命,国民党革命,共产党领导的革命,乃至后来的文化大革命,都是20世纪中国为建立现代化的民族国家的革命努力。
淡化阶级分析为台海两岸共同庆祝辛亥革命百年创造了条件,但仍然无法绕开辛亥革命同政治正统性的敏感问题 。中国大陆通过纪念辛亥革命强调民族复兴和统一,但对台湾来说,纪念辛亥革命不可回避中华民国的正统性问题,因为辛亥革命推翻满清帝国的直接后果是成立了中华民国。
台湾仍然称孙中山为“国父”,中国大陆并没有尊称孙中山为国父的说法。中国开国领袖毛泽东(极左时期被称为“救星”)被称作“共和国缔造者”。过去大陆官方强调1949年后建立的新国家的创始人的时候,都会说国家缔造者和革命先烈这类带阶级性的集体名词。
植根于本土的革命
辛亥革命被周瑞锡归为所谓的“突发革命”,同中共后来领导的“持久革命”相对。前者多为否定性,没有统一理论,对革命后新政权没有清晰的设想。他认为,辛亥革命是政治进步,社会倒退。
周瑞锡说辛亥革命有进步的、民主共和的一面,但还要封建主义的一面。许多学者认为,辛亥革命后新的上流社会和 特权阶层取代了满清贵族,中国上流社会和下层民众的矛盾仍然没有得到缓解。
通过对辛亥革命的研究,美国学者周瑞锡认为革命的起源在中国国内,而不应该是海外的革命者,引发革命的根本原因植根于中国国内,而海外的革命者充其量只能利用国内的形势发挥作用。
海外政治反对
这点总结很容易令人联想到目前流亡在海外的中国政治反对力量,他们的亲西方和宣扬普世价值被中国当局利用来指其用自由民主的教条在中国造成社会动荡和社会倒退,并以苏联解体和俄罗斯为教训,对国内民众警示海外反对力量的危险。
辛亥革命前夕满清的“新政”激化了社会矛盾和民族矛盾,而辛亥革命除去凌驾于各民族之上的帝国皇权,中国的社会矛盾,特别是民族矛盾进一步激化。也有观点认为,仍然做出超越民族姿态的中共政权在下一场革命中被推翻,中国的民族矛盾必然进一步激化。
辛亥革命中掌握权力的保守势力加入才致使促成满清垮台。在中国政治最近几次动荡中,也都有执政党内部和外部反对势力的互动和配合。例如海外民运势力将体制内的胡耀邦和赵紫阳的理想化。有评论说,这是中国海外民运的政治策略,即借美化赵紫阳这类所谓的党内进步势力,向体制内发出信号,分化利用中共内部势力,达到推翻中共的目的。
毛泽东高度评价了孙中山领导的革命,说“辛亥革命后,谁要再想做皇帝,就不成了。”不过他也指出辛亥革命最后失败了。孙中山本人在国民党第一次全国代表大会也承认辛亥革命的成功“仅仅为民族解放主义”。他承认为情势所迫,不得已而与反革命专制阶级妥协,与帝国主义调和,“遂为革命第一次失败之根源”。
按照毛泽东的解释是,辛亥革命,不过是中国国家民族解放和阶级解放一系列革命当中的一个开头,最后完成推翻封建专制和官僚资产阶级的革命还需要一场由无产阶级领导的革命。1949年中共建立新国家标志着无产阶级领导的革命成功,进而开始了所谓社会主义革命。
辛亥革命、中华民国
不同于上述阶级分析的历史研究在看中国辛亥革命,以及后来反传统的激进主义革命的时候,以一贯之地认为1911年开始的民族主义革命以及后来共产党领导的革命,其方向都是朝建立现代化强国的目标的不同努力。
海外华人学者有把邓小平后来搞市场经济改革也看作近代中国自强和现代化的最新努力。美国历史学者周瑞锡也认为辛亥革命,国民党革命,共产党领导的革命,乃至后来的文化大革命,都是20世纪中国为建立现代化的民族国家的革命努力。
淡化阶级分析为台海两岸共同庆祝辛亥革命百年创造了条件,但仍然无法绕开辛亥革命同政治正统性的敏感问题 。中国大陆通过纪念辛亥革命强调民族复兴和统一,但对台湾来说,纪念辛亥革命不可回避中华民国的正统性问题,因为辛亥革命推翻满清帝国的直接后果是成立了中华民国。
台湾仍然称孙中山为“国父”,中国大陆并没有尊称孙中山为国父的说法。中国开国领袖毛泽东(极左时期被称为“救星”)被称作“共和国缔造者”。过去大陆官方强调1949年后建立的新国家的创始人的时候,都会说国家缔造者和革命先烈这类带阶级性的集体名词。
植根于本土的革命
辛亥革命被周瑞锡归为所谓的“突发革命”,同中共后来领导的“持久革命”相对。前者多为否定性,没有统一理论,对革命后新政权没有清晰的设想。他认为,辛亥革命是政治进步,社会倒退。
周瑞锡说辛亥革命有进步的、民主共和的一面,但还要封建主义的一面。许多学者认为,辛亥革命后新的上流社会和 特权阶层取代了满清贵族,中国上流社会和下层民众的矛盾仍然没有得到缓解。
通过对辛亥革命的研究,美国学者周瑞锡认为革命的起源在中国国内,而不应该是海外的革命者,引发革命的根本原因植根于中国国内,而海外的革命者充其量只能利用国内的形势发挥作用。
海外政治反对
这点总结很容易令人联想到目前流亡在海外的中国政治反对力量,他们的亲西方和宣扬普世价值被中国当局利用来指其用自由民主的教条在中国造成社会动荡和社会倒退,并以苏联解体和俄罗斯为教训,对国内民众警示海外反对力量的危险。
辛亥革命前夕满清的“新政”激化了社会矛盾和民族矛盾,而辛亥革命除去凌驾于各民族之上的帝国皇权,中国的社会矛盾,特别是民族矛盾进一步激化。也有观点认为,仍然做出超越民族姿态的中共政权在下一场革命中被推翻,中国的民族矛盾必然进一步激化。
辛亥革命中掌握权力的保守势力加入才致使促成满清垮台。在中国政治最近几次动荡中,也都有执政党内部和外部反对势力的互动和配合。例如海外民运势力将体制内的胡耀邦和赵紫阳的理想化。有评论说,这是中国海外民运的政治策略,即借美化赵紫阳这类所谓的党内进步势力,向体制内发出信号,分化利用中共内部势力,达到推翻中共的目的。
Sunday, 19 June 2011
响应“毛泽东纪念日”倡议人签名
邓朴方——中国残疾人联合会主席(邓小平之子)
邓质方——四方集团总裁(邓小平次子)
邓林——中国美协会员,中国画研究院画家,东方美术交流会会长(1941,四川广安人,邓小平长女)
邓楠——中国科协党组书记、副主席(邓小平之女)
邓榕——中国国际友好联络会副会长、中俄友好、和平与发展委员会副主席(邓小平之女)
吴建常——中国钢铁工业协会副会长、党委书记、金辉集团(香港)名誉主席(邓小平女婿、邓林之夫)
张宏——中国科学院科技开发局局长(邓小平女婿、邓楠之夫)
贺平——中国保利集团公司副董事长、总经理,总参装备部少将(少将贺彪之子,邓小平女婿,邓榕之夫)
邓先群——原总政治部群工部部长、少将(邓小平同父异母的妹妹)
栗前明——解放军二炮副司令员、中将(邓小平妹夫,邓先群丈夫)
刘允真——又名刘丁,原长沙商业银行副行长(1948,刘少奇三子)
刘源——解放军总后勤部副政委,2000年晋升中将,36岁任河南省副省长(1951,湖南宁乡人;刘少奇幼子)
刘平平——又名王晴,原北京食品研究所所长、国内贸易部科技司司长(1949.05,美国哥伦比亚大学营养教育博士,刘少奇三女)
刘亭亭——联亚集团和中贸圣佳国际拍卖公司董事长(1952,哈佛大学商学院硕士,刘少奇四女)
刘潇潇——45岁,留学德国,现在随夫定居于香港(刘少奇幼女)
刘维明——原广东省委常委、副省长、省政协副主席(1938,宁乡人,刘少奇侄子)
胡德平——全国工商联副主席、统战部党组书记兼副部长(1942.11,湖南浏阳人,原中央总书记胡耀邦长子)
胡德华——北京泰利特科技公司创建者(1994年),上市公司“环球动力”董事长,北京精达房地产开发有限公司董事长(1948,胡耀邦三子)。
刘湖——华润集团常务董事、副总经理(1945,胡耀邦次子)
胡知——美林集团亚洲区执行董事(胡耀邦孙女)
安黎——原厦门市副市长(胡德平之妻,原中组部长安子文之女)
赵雁南——又叫王雁南。北京长城饭店集团副总经理,中国嘉德国际拍卖有限公司总经理,赵紫阳女儿
赵大军——原深圳石化集团副总经理,已移居新加坡(赵紫阳长子)
赵二军——前海南华海公司总经理(赵紫阳次子)
任克英——花旗集团中国投行部前副主席(赵紫阳儿媳,原广东省委书记任仲夷之女)
任克雷——华侨城集团公司CEO兼总裁,1950年5月生(原广东省委书记任仲夷三子)
任克宁——中国太空基金会副秘书长(任仲夷次子)
江泽慧——中国林业科学院院长(1938.02,江苏扬州,江泽民之妹)
江绵恒——江泽民长子,现任上海联和投资有限公司法人,中国科学院副院长兼上海分院院长
江绵康——总政治部组织部部长,少将,曾任上海城市发展信息研究中心主任(1957,江苏人,江泽民幼子)
李小鹏——华能国际集团董事长、总经理兼中国国家电力公司副总经理,亚洲电王(1959,李鹏之子)
李小琳——中国电力国际有限公司执行董事兼总经理(李鹏之女)
李小勇——原武警安亚技术开发公司董事长,现移居新加坡,1963年(李鹏次子,叶挺孙女婿;妻:叶小燕)
朱云来——中国国际金融公司总裁、董事(朱容基之子)
朱燕来——中国银行(香港)发展规划部总经理(朱容基之女)
胡海峰——中国清华同方威视股份有限公司总裁(胡锦涛的儿子)
胡海清——与中国最大门户网站新浪网前执行长茅道临结婚(胡锦涛的女儿)。
温云松——北京Unihub公司总裁(温家宝之子)
徐明——大连实德集团总裁,2003中国百富榜第15名,福布斯第12名(妻子温如春,温家宝女婿)
张蓓莉——温家宝总理夫人。喜爱珠宝,由爱、到收藏、到经营、到为“珠宝女王”。她的香港“戴梦得”珠宝公司赫赫有名,垄断中国品位最高的珠宝富矿。
曾庆红——国家副主席(1938.09,江西吉安人,原内政部长曾山之子)
曾庆洋——军事科学院军事历史部部长、少将(曾山之子)
曾庆源——解放军空军后勤部副部长、少将(曾山之子)
曾海生——总参办公厅副主任、少将(曾山之女)
曾庆淮:中华文化城有限公司总裁(曾山之子)
李禾禾——美国德尔计算机公司高级职员(李肇星之子)
王军——中国中信集团董事长(1941.04,湖南浏阳人,原国家副主席王震之长子)
王之——长城计算机总公司总经理(1942,王震二子)
王兵——南海石油公司直升飞机公司董事长(王震幼子)
陈元——中国国家开发银行行长,1945年1月生,上海青浦人,陈云长子。
陈伟兰:中共中央组织部青年干部局局长,国家行政学院副院长(陈云长女)
陈伟力:中国新技术创业投资公司副总经理(陈云之女)
陈方:广东中山实业公司经理(陈云幼子,妻宋珍珍是宋任穷的三女)
俞正声——湖北省委书记、中央政治局委员(1945.04,浙江绍兴;曾国藩的五世外孙;原天津市委书记、一机部长黄敬之子;母亲范瑾是原北京市副市长;妻子张志凯是原副总理、国防部长张爱萍大将之女)
俞强声——原北京市国安局处长,1986年叛逃美国(黄敬之子)
习近平——中共上海市委书记(1953.06,陕西富平人,前副总理习仲勋之子)
习正平——中共陕西省委组织部副部长,同上
习正宁——海南省司法厅厅长,同上
蒋祝平——湖北省省长,中央委员,前教育部长蒋南翔侄子
薄熙来——商务部部长(1949,山西定蘘人,前副总理薄一波之子)
薄熙永(化名李学明):现任中国光大集团执行董事兼副总经理,薄一波长子。
谷开来——薄熙来之妻(山东荣成人,前副总理谷牧之女)
薄熙成——前北京市旅游局局长,北京六合安消防科技有限公司董事长(前副总理薄一波之子)
郑耀文——原驻丹麦大使(1991.11-1997.01)(薄一波女婿)
万伯翱——国家体育总局宣传司处长、《中国体育》杂志社社长兼总编辑(前全国人大委员长万里之子)
万季飞——中国国际贸易促进委员会、中国国际商会会长(1948.10,山东东平人,万里之子)
万晓武:原国防科工委任职,现在美国开公司(万里之子)
万仲翔:原解放军通讯学院任职(万里之子)
万叔鹏:原中创副总经理(万里之女)
王晓民——国务院对台办交流局副局长,万里儿媳
叶选平——原全国政协常务副主席(1924.11,广东梅县人,元帅叶剑英之子)
吴小兰——原深圳市副市长、市人大常委会副主任(叶选平之妻,元老吴玉章外孙女)
叶新福——香港万信公司总裁(叶选平之子)
叶选宁——岳枫,原总政联络部长,中将,凯利公司董事长兼总裁(曾国荃的五世外孙,叶剑英之子)
叶选廉——解放军总参保利公司负责人之一,同上
叶向真——凌子,导演,现居香港(叶剑英女儿,夫钱壮飞之外孙罗丹)
邹家华——国务院副总理(叶剑英女婿,邹韬奋之子)
叶选基——武警部队高级军官(叶剑英侄子)
叶静子——星际文化集团公司总裁(1975,叶选宁之女)
叶楚梅:机械工业部机床局原副局长(叶剑英女儿,夫邹家华)
叶选基:广东健力宝控股公司董事长(叶剑英侄子)
叶明子:时装设计师(叶剑英孙女,叶选宁次女,叶静子妹妹)
叶文珊:海南华侨投资有限公司副董事长(叶剑英女儿,夫余秋里之子余方方)
彭钢——中央军委纪委副书记,中纪委常委元帅,彭德怀养女
傅锐——原中国核工业公司副总经理(前全国人大委员长彭真之子)
傅洋——中华全国律师协会副会长、北京康达律师事务所所长(彭真之子)
傅彦——北京富利公司董事长(彭真之女)
蒋小明——深圳赛博控股公司董事长(乔石之子)
王小朝——中国保利集团公司董事、副总经理(杨尚昆女婿,杨李丈夫)
杨李——总参谋部高级军官,中国友联会长助理,杨尚昆女儿
荣智健——中信泰富集团主席,中国内地首富(1942,江苏人,原国家副主席荣毅仁之子)
刘会远——深圳大学区域经济研究所所长(1948,山东荣成人,原国务院副总理谷牧之子)
李桁——刘会远前妻(原国务院副秘书长、深圳市委书记、市长李灏之女)
王岐山——北京市市长(1948.07生于青岛,山西天镇人,原副总理姚依林女婿)
廖晖——全国政协副主席(1942.05,广东惠阳人,国务院侨办主任,全国人大副委员长廖承志之子)
宋克荒——北京置业地产公司总裁(前中顾委副主任宋任穷长子)
宋勤——中国煤炭进出口集团公司党委书记、副董事长(宋任穷女儿)
黄德生——百年树人集团副总裁(宋任穷女婿,妻宋勤)
刘延东——全国政协副主席、中央统战部部长(1945.11,江苏南通人,前农业部常务副部长刘瑞龙之女)
戴秉国——外交部常务副部长(1941.03,贵州人,原外交部副部长、文化部部长黄镇女婿)
李源潮——江苏省委书记(1950.11,江苏涟水人,原上海市副市长李干成之子)
田成平——山西省委书记(田英之子)
白克明——河北省委书记(1943.10,陕西靖边人,白坚之子)
孔丹——中国中信集团副董事长、总经理(江西萍乡人,原中央调查部部长孔原之子)
王维延——深圳盐田港股份有限公司监事会主席(1944,湖南浏阳人,原全国政协副主席王首道之子)
王维滨——武警部队第一任计生办主任,大校(1947.11,王首道之女)
李小林——中国对外友好协会副会长(原国家主席李先念之女)
刘亚洲——北京军区空军政治部主任,空军少将,作家(1952.10,安徽宿县,李先念女婿,李小林之夫)
何光炜——国家旅游局局长(1944,湖南华容人,原全国政协副主席何长工之子)
汪光焘——建设部部长(1943,原上海市市长、海协会会长汪道涵之子)
汪静香——港新兴公司总裁(汪道涵之女)
周小川——中国人民银行行长(1948.01,江苏宜兴人,原机械工业部、建设部部长周建南之子)
安民——商务部副部长(1945.04,陕西绥德人,原中组部长安子文之子)
楼继伟——财政部副部长(1950.12,浙江义乌人,国务院发展研究中心党组书记、副主任陈清泰妻弟)
李铁映——全国人大副委员长(1936.09,湖南长沙人,原全国人大副委员长李维汉之长子)
李铁林——中组部常务副部长兼中央机构编委办主任、十六届中央委员(1943.05,李维汉之幼子)
粟戎生——北京军区副司令员、中将(粟裕之子)
罗原——北京标准国际投资管理公司副总经理,大将罗瑞卿之子
乔宗淮——中国外交部副部长、领导成员(1944.07,江苏建湖人,原外交部长乔冠华之子)
谭冬生——总参动员部部长,少将,前国务院副总理谭震林之子
陈昊苏——中国人民对外友好协会会长(元帅陈毅之子)
陈丹淮——总装备部科技部部长、少将(陈毅之子)
陈晓鲁——北京标准国际投资管理公司董事长(妻粟惠宁,粟裕女婿,陈毅之子)
王光亚——外交部副部长、驻联合国全权大使(1950.03,江苏人,陈毅女婿)
陈小津——中国船舶工业总公司副总经理,前政治局委员陈丕显之子
陈南平——解放军正师级军官前政协副主席,陈再道之子
陈同海——中石化董事长兼总经理(1949,江苏灌云人,原天津市委书记陈伟达之子)
陶斯亮——中国市长协会副会长兼秘书长(1941,湖南人,前副总理陶铸之女)
贺捷生——军事科学院军事百科部部长、少将(1935.11,湖南桑植人,贺龙之长女)
何道泉——国防大学副校长、中将(湖南华容人,全国政协副主席何长工之子)
杨俊生——武警部队装备部部长兼科技开发部主任、少将(杨成武之女)
杨东胜——解放军第二炮兵装备部副部长、少将(杨成武之子)
杨东明——解放军总后勤部物资油料部部长、少将(杨成武之子)
伍绍祖——中直工委常务副书记、原国家体育总局局长(1939.04,湖南耒阳人,原中央军委秘书长伍云甫之子)
李南征——石家庄陆军指挥学院副院长、少将(原中央副主席、上将李德生之子)
刘卓明——解放军海军装备论证中心主任、少将(湖北大悟人,前国家副主席刘华清之子)
潘岳——国家环保总局副局长(刘华清女婿)
许援朝——南京军区装备部副部长、少将(许世友之子)
许延滨——装甲兵学院副院长(大将许光达之子)
张亚圣——华东电力管理局副局长,华东电力实业公司总经理(原上海市副市长张承宗之子)
邓英淘——中国社科院经济文化研究中心主任(1952.09,湖南桂东人,邓力群之子)
罗干——中共中央政治局常委、中央政法委书记(元帅罗荣桓之子)。
陆德河——何南省旅游局局长,前中宣部长陆定一之子
陆如——北京某公司经理,陆定一之女
陆健健:政协委员,中国鸟类学会副理事长(原国务院副总理陆定一与严慰冰之子)
陆瑞君:北京人大常委,中国广告协会副秘书长(陆定一与严慰冰之女)
陆叶坪:江西理工大学教授(陆定一与唐义贞烈士之女)
布赫——八届全国人大副委员长,前国家副主席乌兰夫之子
乌可力——北京长城工业总公司副总经理,同上
乌杰——国家体改委副主任,同上
苏尼特——北京全国少数民族公司总经理,同上
云曙碧——前中共内蒙古某盟委书记,乌兰夫长女
云照光——前内蒙古政协副主席,乌兰夫侄子
云曙芬——前内蒙古政协副主席。乌兰夫侄女
珠兰琪琪柯——前内蒙古广播局局长,乌兰夫长媳
何玉春——北京大学高级工程师深圳延宁发展有限公司监事(北大光华学院院长厉以宁夫人)
厉放——澳大利亚ASD银行亚太区域经理(厉以宁之女)
历伟——深圳安信顾问有限公司总经理(经济学家厉以宁之子)
崔京涛——神华期货经纪有限公司董事长(厉伟夫人)
邓质方——四方集团总裁(邓小平次子)
邓林——中国美协会员,中国画研究院画家,东方美术交流会会长(1941,四川广安人,邓小平长女)
邓楠——中国科协党组书记、副主席(邓小平之女)
邓榕——中国国际友好联络会副会长、中俄友好、和平与发展委员会副主席(邓小平之女)
吴建常——中国钢铁工业协会副会长、党委书记、金辉集团(香港)名誉主席(邓小平女婿、邓林之夫)
张宏——中国科学院科技开发局局长(邓小平女婿、邓楠之夫)
贺平——中国保利集团公司副董事长、总经理,总参装备部少将(少将贺彪之子,邓小平女婿,邓榕之夫)
邓先群——原总政治部群工部部长、少将(邓小平同父异母的妹妹)
栗前明——解放军二炮副司令员、中将(邓小平妹夫,邓先群丈夫)
刘允真——又名刘丁,原长沙商业银行副行长(1948,刘少奇三子)
刘源——解放军总后勤部副政委,2000年晋升中将,36岁任河南省副省长(1951,湖南宁乡人;刘少奇幼子)
刘平平——又名王晴,原北京食品研究所所长、国内贸易部科技司司长(1949.05,美国哥伦比亚大学营养教育博士,刘少奇三女)
刘亭亭——联亚集团和中贸圣佳国际拍卖公司董事长(1952,哈佛大学商学院硕士,刘少奇四女)
刘潇潇——45岁,留学德国,现在随夫定居于香港(刘少奇幼女)
刘维明——原广东省委常委、副省长、省政协副主席(1938,宁乡人,刘少奇侄子)
胡德平——全国工商联副主席、统战部党组书记兼副部长(1942.11,湖南浏阳人,原中央总书记胡耀邦长子)
胡德华——北京泰利特科技公司创建者(1994年),上市公司“环球动力”董事长,北京精达房地产开发有限公司董事长(1948,胡耀邦三子)。
刘湖——华润集团常务董事、副总经理(1945,胡耀邦次子)
胡知——美林集团亚洲区执行董事(胡耀邦孙女)
安黎——原厦门市副市长(胡德平之妻,原中组部长安子文之女)
赵雁南——又叫王雁南。北京长城饭店集团副总经理,中国嘉德国际拍卖有限公司总经理,赵紫阳女儿
赵大军——原深圳石化集团副总经理,已移居新加坡(赵紫阳长子)
赵二军——前海南华海公司总经理(赵紫阳次子)
任克英——花旗集团中国投行部前副主席(赵紫阳儿媳,原广东省委书记任仲夷之女)
任克雷——华侨城集团公司CEO兼总裁,1950年5月生(原广东省委书记任仲夷三子)
任克宁——中国太空基金会副秘书长(任仲夷次子)
江泽慧——中国林业科学院院长(1938.02,江苏扬州,江泽民之妹)
江绵恒——江泽民长子,现任上海联和投资有限公司法人,中国科学院副院长兼上海分院院长
江绵康——总政治部组织部部长,少将,曾任上海城市发展信息研究中心主任(1957,江苏人,江泽民幼子)
李小鹏——华能国际集团董事长、总经理兼中国国家电力公司副总经理,亚洲电王(1959,李鹏之子)
李小琳——中国电力国际有限公司执行董事兼总经理(李鹏之女)
李小勇——原武警安亚技术开发公司董事长,现移居新加坡,1963年(李鹏次子,叶挺孙女婿;妻:叶小燕)
朱云来——中国国际金融公司总裁、董事(朱容基之子)
朱燕来——中国银行(香港)发展规划部总经理(朱容基之女)
胡海峰——中国清华同方威视股份有限公司总裁(胡锦涛的儿子)
胡海清——与中国最大门户网站新浪网前执行长茅道临结婚(胡锦涛的女儿)。
温云松——北京Unihub公司总裁(温家宝之子)
徐明——大连实德集团总裁,2003中国百富榜第15名,福布斯第12名(妻子温如春,温家宝女婿)
张蓓莉——温家宝总理夫人。喜爱珠宝,由爱、到收藏、到经营、到为“珠宝女王”。她的香港“戴梦得”珠宝公司赫赫有名,垄断中国品位最高的珠宝富矿。
曾庆红——国家副主席(1938.09,江西吉安人,原内政部长曾山之子)
曾庆洋——军事科学院军事历史部部长、少将(曾山之子)
曾庆源——解放军空军后勤部副部长、少将(曾山之子)
曾海生——总参办公厅副主任、少将(曾山之女)
曾庆淮:中华文化城有限公司总裁(曾山之子)
李禾禾——美国德尔计算机公司高级职员(李肇星之子)
王军——中国中信集团董事长(1941.04,湖南浏阳人,原国家副主席王震之长子)
王之——长城计算机总公司总经理(1942,王震二子)
王兵——南海石油公司直升飞机公司董事长(王震幼子)
陈元——中国国家开发银行行长,1945年1月生,上海青浦人,陈云长子。
陈伟兰:中共中央组织部青年干部局局长,国家行政学院副院长(陈云长女)
陈伟力:中国新技术创业投资公司副总经理(陈云之女)
陈方:广东中山实业公司经理(陈云幼子,妻宋珍珍是宋任穷的三女)
俞正声——湖北省委书记、中央政治局委员(1945.04,浙江绍兴;曾国藩的五世外孙;原天津市委书记、一机部长黄敬之子;母亲范瑾是原北京市副市长;妻子张志凯是原副总理、国防部长张爱萍大将之女)
俞强声——原北京市国安局处长,1986年叛逃美国(黄敬之子)
习近平——中共上海市委书记(1953.06,陕西富平人,前副总理习仲勋之子)
习正平——中共陕西省委组织部副部长,同上
习正宁——海南省司法厅厅长,同上
蒋祝平——湖北省省长,中央委员,前教育部长蒋南翔侄子
薄熙来——商务部部长(1949,山西定蘘人,前副总理薄一波之子)
薄熙永(化名李学明):现任中国光大集团执行董事兼副总经理,薄一波长子。
谷开来——薄熙来之妻(山东荣成人,前副总理谷牧之女)
薄熙成——前北京市旅游局局长,北京六合安消防科技有限公司董事长(前副总理薄一波之子)
郑耀文——原驻丹麦大使(1991.11-1997.01)(薄一波女婿)
万伯翱——国家体育总局宣传司处长、《中国体育》杂志社社长兼总编辑(前全国人大委员长万里之子)
万季飞——中国国际贸易促进委员会、中国国际商会会长(1948.10,山东东平人,万里之子)
万晓武:原国防科工委任职,现在美国开公司(万里之子)
万仲翔:原解放军通讯学院任职(万里之子)
万叔鹏:原中创副总经理(万里之女)
王晓民——国务院对台办交流局副局长,万里儿媳
叶选平——原全国政协常务副主席(1924.11,广东梅县人,元帅叶剑英之子)
吴小兰——原深圳市副市长、市人大常委会副主任(叶选平之妻,元老吴玉章外孙女)
叶新福——香港万信公司总裁(叶选平之子)
叶选宁——岳枫,原总政联络部长,中将,凯利公司董事长兼总裁(曾国荃的五世外孙,叶剑英之子)
叶选廉——解放军总参保利公司负责人之一,同上
叶向真——凌子,导演,现居香港(叶剑英女儿,夫钱壮飞之外孙罗丹)
邹家华——国务院副总理(叶剑英女婿,邹韬奋之子)
叶选基——武警部队高级军官(叶剑英侄子)
叶静子——星际文化集团公司总裁(1975,叶选宁之女)
叶楚梅:机械工业部机床局原副局长(叶剑英女儿,夫邹家华)
叶选基:广东健力宝控股公司董事长(叶剑英侄子)
叶明子:时装设计师(叶剑英孙女,叶选宁次女,叶静子妹妹)
叶文珊:海南华侨投资有限公司副董事长(叶剑英女儿,夫余秋里之子余方方)
彭钢——中央军委纪委副书记,中纪委常委元帅,彭德怀养女
傅锐——原中国核工业公司副总经理(前全国人大委员长彭真之子)
傅洋——中华全国律师协会副会长、北京康达律师事务所所长(彭真之子)
傅彦——北京富利公司董事长(彭真之女)
蒋小明——深圳赛博控股公司董事长(乔石之子)
王小朝——中国保利集团公司董事、副总经理(杨尚昆女婿,杨李丈夫)
杨李——总参谋部高级军官,中国友联会长助理,杨尚昆女儿
荣智健——中信泰富集团主席,中国内地首富(1942,江苏人,原国家副主席荣毅仁之子)
刘会远——深圳大学区域经济研究所所长(1948,山东荣成人,原国务院副总理谷牧之子)
李桁——刘会远前妻(原国务院副秘书长、深圳市委书记、市长李灏之女)
王岐山——北京市市长(1948.07生于青岛,山西天镇人,原副总理姚依林女婿)
廖晖——全国政协副主席(1942.05,广东惠阳人,国务院侨办主任,全国人大副委员长廖承志之子)
宋克荒——北京置业地产公司总裁(前中顾委副主任宋任穷长子)
宋勤——中国煤炭进出口集团公司党委书记、副董事长(宋任穷女儿)
黄德生——百年树人集团副总裁(宋任穷女婿,妻宋勤)
刘延东——全国政协副主席、中央统战部部长(1945.11,江苏南通人,前农业部常务副部长刘瑞龙之女)
戴秉国——外交部常务副部长(1941.03,贵州人,原外交部副部长、文化部部长黄镇女婿)
李源潮——江苏省委书记(1950.11,江苏涟水人,原上海市副市长李干成之子)
田成平——山西省委书记(田英之子)
白克明——河北省委书记(1943.10,陕西靖边人,白坚之子)
孔丹——中国中信集团副董事长、总经理(江西萍乡人,原中央调查部部长孔原之子)
王维延——深圳盐田港股份有限公司监事会主席(1944,湖南浏阳人,原全国政协副主席王首道之子)
王维滨——武警部队第一任计生办主任,大校(1947.11,王首道之女)
李小林——中国对外友好协会副会长(原国家主席李先念之女)
刘亚洲——北京军区空军政治部主任,空军少将,作家(1952.10,安徽宿县,李先念女婿,李小林之夫)
何光炜——国家旅游局局长(1944,湖南华容人,原全国政协副主席何长工之子)
汪光焘——建设部部长(1943,原上海市市长、海协会会长汪道涵之子)
汪静香——港新兴公司总裁(汪道涵之女)
周小川——中国人民银行行长(1948.01,江苏宜兴人,原机械工业部、建设部部长周建南之子)
安民——商务部副部长(1945.04,陕西绥德人,原中组部长安子文之子)
楼继伟——财政部副部长(1950.12,浙江义乌人,国务院发展研究中心党组书记、副主任陈清泰妻弟)
李铁映——全国人大副委员长(1936.09,湖南长沙人,原全国人大副委员长李维汉之长子)
李铁林——中组部常务副部长兼中央机构编委办主任、十六届中央委员(1943.05,李维汉之幼子)
粟戎生——北京军区副司令员、中将(粟裕之子)
罗原——北京标准国际投资管理公司副总经理,大将罗瑞卿之子
乔宗淮——中国外交部副部长、领导成员(1944.07,江苏建湖人,原外交部长乔冠华之子)
谭冬生——总参动员部部长,少将,前国务院副总理谭震林之子
陈昊苏——中国人民对外友好协会会长(元帅陈毅之子)
陈丹淮——总装备部科技部部长、少将(陈毅之子)
陈晓鲁——北京标准国际投资管理公司董事长(妻粟惠宁,粟裕女婿,陈毅之子)
王光亚——外交部副部长、驻联合国全权大使(1950.03,江苏人,陈毅女婿)
陈小津——中国船舶工业总公司副总经理,前政治局委员陈丕显之子
陈南平——解放军正师级军官前政协副主席,陈再道之子
陈同海——中石化董事长兼总经理(1949,江苏灌云人,原天津市委书记陈伟达之子)
陶斯亮——中国市长协会副会长兼秘书长(1941,湖南人,前副总理陶铸之女)
贺捷生——军事科学院军事百科部部长、少将(1935.11,湖南桑植人,贺龙之长女)
何道泉——国防大学副校长、中将(湖南华容人,全国政协副主席何长工之子)
杨俊生——武警部队装备部部长兼科技开发部主任、少将(杨成武之女)
杨东胜——解放军第二炮兵装备部副部长、少将(杨成武之子)
杨东明——解放军总后勤部物资油料部部长、少将(杨成武之子)
伍绍祖——中直工委常务副书记、原国家体育总局局长(1939.04,湖南耒阳人,原中央军委秘书长伍云甫之子)
李南征——石家庄陆军指挥学院副院长、少将(原中央副主席、上将李德生之子)
刘卓明——解放军海军装备论证中心主任、少将(湖北大悟人,前国家副主席刘华清之子)
潘岳——国家环保总局副局长(刘华清女婿)
许援朝——南京军区装备部副部长、少将(许世友之子)
许延滨——装甲兵学院副院长(大将许光达之子)
张亚圣——华东电力管理局副局长,华东电力实业公司总经理(原上海市副市长张承宗之子)
邓英淘——中国社科院经济文化研究中心主任(1952.09,湖南桂东人,邓力群之子)
罗干——中共中央政治局常委、中央政法委书记(元帅罗荣桓之子)。
陆德河——何南省旅游局局长,前中宣部长陆定一之子
陆如——北京某公司经理,陆定一之女
陆健健:政协委员,中国鸟类学会副理事长(原国务院副总理陆定一与严慰冰之子)
陆瑞君:北京人大常委,中国广告协会副秘书长(陆定一与严慰冰之女)
陆叶坪:江西理工大学教授(陆定一与唐义贞烈士之女)
布赫——八届全国人大副委员长,前国家副主席乌兰夫之子
乌可力——北京长城工业总公司副总经理,同上
乌杰——国家体改委副主任,同上
苏尼特——北京全国少数民族公司总经理,同上
云曙碧——前中共内蒙古某盟委书记,乌兰夫长女
云照光——前内蒙古政协副主席,乌兰夫侄子
云曙芬——前内蒙古政协副主席。乌兰夫侄女
珠兰琪琪柯——前内蒙古广播局局长,乌兰夫长媳
何玉春——北京大学高级工程师深圳延宁发展有限公司监事(北大光华学院院长厉以宁夫人)
厉放——澳大利亚ASD银行亚太区域经理(厉以宁之女)
历伟——深圳安信顾问有限公司总经理(经济学家厉以宁之子)
崔京涛——神华期货经纪有限公司董事长(厉伟夫人)
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